JG  MANUAL 


UNITED  STATES  ARMY 


PREPARED  UNDER  THE  DIRECTION  OF 

OF  ENGINEERS,  UNITED  STATES  ARMY 
BY  THE  BOARD  ON  ENGINEER  TROOPS 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL 


UNITED  STATES  ARMY 


PREPARED  UNDER  THE  DIRECTION  OF 
THE  CHIEF  OF  ENGINEERS,  UNITED  STATES  ARMY 
BY  THE  BOARD  ON  ENGINEER  TROOPS 


PART  VIII 

INTENSIVE  TRAINING  AND  MOBILIZATION 
FOR  WAR 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1917 


't-a ,  <x.T, 


a, 


o 

•  (A. 


U^'JAe. 

tJT, % 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


PART  VIII. 

INTENSIVE  TRAINING  ON  MOBILIZATION  FOR  WAR. 


Chapter  I.— INTRODUCTION. 

Par.  Page. 

Purpose  of  Part  VIII .  1  7 

Situation  at  outbreak  of  war .  2  7 

Object  of  intensive  training .  3  9 

Summary  of  courses:  Course  I,  Course  II,  and  Course  III .  4  9 

Chapter  II.— ASSUMED  CONDITIONS  AND  TRAINING  GOAL. 

Reason  for  assumptions . : .  5  10 

The  training  schedule .  6  10 

Types  of  Engineer  organizations: 

Source .  7  11 

Difference  between  types .  8  11 

Assumed  status  of  Engineer  organizations: 

Personnel,  new  regiment .  9  12 

Personnel,  expanded  regiment .  10  13 

Equipment .  11  13 

Location . . . - .  12  13 

Time  element .  13  14 

The  training  goal: 

Immediate . 14  14 

Ultimate .  15  15 

Attainment .  16  15 

Chapter  III.— COURSE  I. 

To  whom  applicable . 17  16 

Organizing . 18  16 

Individual  training  records .  18  17 

Issuing  equipment .  19  18 

Housing. . , . .  20  18 

Feeding . . . ' .  21  18 

Routine .  22  19 

Discipline .  23  19 

Drill . .  24  20 

Recruit  instruction .  25  20 

Chapter  IV.— Section  I--C0URSE  II. 

To  whom  adapted .  26  25 

Status  of  regiment  at  beginning  of  course .  27  25 

Scheme  for  organizing  and  scope  of  work : 

General  purpose .  28  26 

General  plan .  29  26 

General  rules .  30  27 

Duties  of  officers  of  the  regiment .  31  27 


3 


4 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Detailed  organization  of  Course  II:  Par.  Page. 

Abbreviations .  32  29 

Courses  and  schools . t. .  33  30 

Remarks : 

Time  distribution .  34  34 

Instructors  required .  35  35 

Daily  routine : 

Periods,  formations,  and  calls .  36  35 

Guard  and  fatigue .  37  36 

Adaption  of  Course  II  to  a  12  weeks’  training  period: 

First  week .  38  38 

Second  week . » . .  39  39 

Third  week .  40  40 

Fourth  week .  41  41 

Fifth  week .  42  42 

Sixth  week .  43  43 

Seventh  week .  44  44 

Eighth  and  ninth  weeks . 45  46 

Tenth  week .  46  46 

Eleventh  and  twelfth  weeks .  47  46 

Modifications  of  Course  II: 

For  a  mounted  battalion .  48  46 

For  a  detached  pioneer  company .  49  48 

For  a  railroad  regiment .  50  48 

For  officers’  training  groups .  51  50 


Section  II.— INSTRUCTIONS  FOR  SCHOOLS. 


A.  Practical  work  of  administration: 

A-l,  A-2,  regimental  and  company .  52  52 

A-3 .  53  53 

B.  General  service  training: 

B-l.  Care  of  arms  and  accoutrements .  54  53 

B-2.  Physical  drill .  55  54 

B-3.  Infantry  drill . .  56  56 

B-4-a.  Interior  guard  duty . . .  57  57 

B-4-b.  Small  arms  practice .  58  58 

B-4-c.  Bayonet  combat,  and  trench  or  close  combat .  59  63 

B-4-d.  First  aid,  hygiene,  and  litter  drill .  60  64 

B-4-e.  Tent  pitching  and  individual  cooking . 61  66 

B-4-f.  Company  on  service  of  security . , .  62  67 

B-5.  Applicatory  problems  and  tests .  63  68 

B-6.  Ceremonies .  64  69 

B-7.  Mounted  drill  and  care  of  animals  for  mounted  sections .  65  70 

C.  General  service  training  schools: 

C — 1 .  Mess  sergeants’ and  cooks’ .  66  71 

C-2.  First  sergeants’ and  clerks’ . 67  73 

C-3.  Supply  sergeants’ .  68  74 

C-4.  Stable  sergeant’s  and  farriers’ .  69  76 

C-5.  Packers’ .  70  77 

C-6.  Buglers’  and  orderlies’ — Visual  signaling .  71  78 

C-7.  Horseshoers’  and  saddlers’ . 72  79 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


5 


D.  General  Engineer  training  schools.  Par.  Page. 

General  remarks  on .  73  80 

D-l.  Riggers’ .  74  81 

D-2.  Ponton .  75  82 

D-3.  Rowing . 76  83 

D-4.  Bridge  carpentry .  77  84 

D-5.  Trench  layout . J .  78  85 

D-6.  Revetment .  79  87 

D-7.  Cover  and  accessories .  80  88 

D-8.  Obstacle .  81  89 

D-9.  Miners’  and  sappers’ .  82  90 

D-10.  Demolition .  83  91 

D-ll.  Reconnaissance .  84  93 

D-l 2.  Map  reproduction .  85  94 

E.  General  engineer  training:  General  discussion .  86  98 

F.  Engineer  specialists .  87  99 

G.  Practice  marches .  88  99 

H.  Instructors’  school .  89  99 

I.  Officers’ school . 90  99 

J.  Noncommissioned  officers’  school .  91  100 

K.  Lectures . 92  100 

Chapter  V.— COURSE  III. 

Object  of  Course  III .  93  101 

The  course  of  instruction . 94  101 

Daily  schedule  of  work .  95  102 

Division  of  time .  96  103 

,  Typical  daily  program .  97  103 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2017  with  funding  from 

University  of  Illinois  Urbana-Champaign  Alternates 


https://archive.org/details/engineertraining08unit 


PART  VIII. 


INTENSIVE  TRAINING  ON  MOBILIZATION  FOR  WAR. 


CHAPTER  I. 

INTRODUCTION. 

1.  The  purpose  of  Part  VIII  of  this  manual  is  to  provide 
a  systematic  course  of  intensive  training  for  Engineer  units 
on  mobilization  for  war. 

2. '  The  situation  which  must  be  faced  is  forcibly  and  con¬ 
cisely  described  by  Brig.  Gen.  John  F.  Morrison,  United 
Stated  Army,  in  his  work  on  “ Training  Infantry,”  as  follows: 

TRAINING  A  NEW  REGIMENT. 

“  In  this  country  we  are  liable  to  have  the  necessity  forced 
upon  us  of  turning  out  troops  in  the  shortest  possible  time. 
We  shall  have  to  use  troops  not  fully  trained ;  we  shall  have 
to  employ  them  as  soon  as  they  can  be  used  at  all.  Of 
couise  this  system  will  be  frightfully  costly  in  blood  and 
money.  In  war  imperfectly  tiained  troops  must  pay  with 
their  lives  tor  all  mistakes.  The  better  tiained  they  are,  the 
fewer  mistakes;  the  more  skill  they  possess,  the  more  cheaply 
can  any  desired  result  be  obtained. 

“It  is  the  duty  of  all  officers  who  may  be  charged  with 
the  responsibility  of  preparing  this  mass  of  untrained  men 
for  war  service  to  give  the  subject  careful  thought,  to  study 
the  question  carefully,  and  to  be  prepared  on  short  notice 
to  take  charge  of  such  work  and  produce  the  best  results 
possible  in  the  shortest  time. 

“Success  in  this  hurried  training  can  only  be  assured  if 
the  man  in  charge  thoroughly  appreciates  his  task  and  follows 
out  a  well-prepared  and  systematic  course. 


7 


8 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


“  Under  modern  conditions  there  is  a  minimum  amount 
of  training  that  is  absolutely  necessary  before  an  organiza¬ 
tion  can  be  put  in  the  field.  The  number  of  men  lost  to  an 
organization  from  disease  depends  on  how  well  the  men  are 
trained  in  caring  for  themselves  and  how  well  the  officers  do 
their  part. 

“Time  is  the  all-important  element;  we  must  have  these 
organizations  in  such  shape  that  they  can  be  used  as  quickly 
as  possible  and  be  as  nearly  good  as  possible.  Of  course 
they  will  constantly  improve  in  the  field  and  become  ex¬ 
cellent,  but  they  will  have  to  be  used  before  that  state  is 
reached.  The  occasion  for  organizing  such  regiments  will 
only  arise  in  case  of  great  national  danger,  when  the  utmost 
can  be  demanded  of  all.  Hours  of  work  should  then  be  all 
that  can  be  profitably  employed.  Most  of  the  recruits  will  be 
men  accustomed  to  at  least  eight  hours  work  a  day. 

“All  that  has  been  said  previously  as  to  variety  in  the 
work,  keeping  up  the  men’s  interest,  explaining  and  giving 
the  reasons  for  things  done,  applies  even  more  to  a  new  vol¬ 
unteer  regiment  than  to  our  regular  companies.  Essentials 
only  must  be  taught  at  first,  bearing  in  mind  that  discipline 
is  most  essential  and  the  use  that  can  be  made  of  close-order 
drill  in  obtaining  it.  Those  things  that  should  be  a  habit 
must  be  drilled  carefully  and  frequently.  Other  essentials 
may  be  hurried  through  for  the  first  time,  to  give  the  men 
the  best  general  idea  possible  in  the  shortest  time,  and  then 
repeated  and  perfected  as  time  and  opportunity  offer. 

“As  a  rule  our  men  will  be  intelligent  and  quick  to  learn. 
Every  little  taught  them,  if  they  have  understood  the  reason 
for  it,  will  help  them  to  do  what  is  required,  even  if  their 
instruction  is  not  complete.  With  such  volunteers  much 
instruction  should  be  given,  not  as  a  drill,  but  as  a  sort  of 
lecture  or  talk.  The  average  American  works  better  when 
he  knows  the  why  and  the  wherefore.  Remember  how 
different  are  his  new  life  and  surroundings  from  what  he  is 
accustomed  to  and  how  very  little  the  average  American 
knows  of  an  army  and  how  much  of  that  little  is  not  so.” 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


9’ 


3.  Based  on  such  conditions,  the  object  of  this  course  of 
n  sive  training  is  twofold:  First,  to  insure  that  each  unit 
receives  in  the  shortest  possible  time  the  minimum  training 
necessary,  in  order  that  it  may  be  used  at  all  in  the  presence 
of  the  enemy;  second,  to  provide  for  the  further  training  of 
all  units  in  such  manner  that  their  usefulness  will  increase 
at  the  .most  rapid  rate  practicable  and  that  the  higher  com¬ 
manders  will  know  the  degree  of  training  attained. 

SUMMARY  OF  COURSES. 

4.  It  is  intended  to  accomplish  the  intensive  training  of 
troops  on  mobilization  for  war  by  means  of  three  courses, 
to  be  known  as  Course  I  (preliminary),  Course  II  (prepara¬ 
tory),  and  Course  III  (final). 

Course  I  comprises  the  instruction  and  training  necessary 
to  fit  the  command  to  continue  its  existence  as  an  organized 
body.  It  embodies  the  establishment  of  the  camp  or  can¬ 
tonment,  the  organization  oi  the  command,  the  establish¬ 
ment  of  a  routine  of  duties  and  interior  discipline,  the  equip¬ 
ment  of  the  command,  the  conduct  of  recruit  and  othei 
incidental  instruction,  and  any  other  training  necessary  to 
fit  the  command  to  fake  up  either  of  the  other  two  courses. 

Course  II  comprises  the  instruction  necessary  to  fit  tne 
command  to  be  used  in  the  presence  of  the  enemy.  It 
includes  general  service  training  and  Engineer  training,  and 
under  both  of  these  heads  covers:  Training  of  instructors, 
officers,  and  noncommissioned  officers;  individual  general 
training  of  enlisted  men;  collective  training  of  the  \arious 
units;  specialized  training  of  individuals;  practice  and  tests 
bv  applicatory  methods  through  the  solution  of  problems. 

Course  III  covers  all  instruction  and  training  in  advance 
of  Courses  I  and  II  necessary  for  the  attainment  of  the  ulti¬ 
mate  training  goal,  viz,  the  creation  of  ideal  Engineer  units. 
The  included  subjects  are  the  same  as  those  enumerated 
above. 


CHAPTER  II. 


ASSUMED  CONDITIONS  AND  TRAINING  GOAL. 

5.  As  presented  herein  the  course  of  training  is  based  on 
definite  assumptions  as  to  organization  and  general  condi¬ 
tions  affecting  training.  It  is  not  expected  that  these 
conditions  will  ever  obtain  exactly  or  that  the  course  can 
be  pursued  exactly  as  prescribed,  but  it  is  believed  that  in 
any  specific  case  a  comparison  of  the  actual  conditions  with 
those  assumed  herein  will  suggest  the  necessary  or  desirable 
modifications  in  the  courses  given,  or  will  suggest  the  steps 
that  should  be  taken  to  bring  the  command  to  the  assumed 
initial  status.  In  such  cases  the  commanding  officer  may 
prepare  his  own  training  schedules,  utilizing  those  given 
herein  as  he  may  see  fit,  particularly  as  a  guide  with  a  view 
to  avoiding  omissions.  After  the  commanding  officer  has 
fixed  the  time  to  be  de  voted  to  each  part  of  the  course,  it 
can  then  be  determined  how  many  of  the  steps  given  herein 
must  be  covered  at  each  drill  period,  and  the  relation  between 
the  ground  to  be  covered  and  the  time  available  will  suggest 
the  degree  of  detail  to  which  the  instruction  may  be  carried 
and  the  degree  of  proficiency  which  should  be  attained. 

6.  The  training  schedule  should  be  made  effective  and 
camp  routine  established  and  regulated  by  regimental  orders. 
In  order  to  keep  records  of  instruction  separate  from  routine 
and  administrative  files,  of  general  and  special  orders,  the 
instructions  for  training,  published  on  any  one  day,  should  be 
designated  “  Instruction  Memorandum  No.  — ,”  and  these 
memoranda  should  be  filed  together.  At  the  beginning  of 
each  course  in  general  training,  instructions  should  be 
issued  describing  the  course  in  general  terms  and  showing 
the  objects  to  be  attained.  Such  instructions  will  obviate 
much  uncertainty  in  the  minds  of  all  concerned  and  will 
stimulate  interest  in  the  work  in  hand  by  showing  its  relation 
to  that  which  is  to  follow. 


10 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


11 


Detailed  training  schedules  should  be  issued  from  time  to 
time  and  probably  at  intervals  not  greater  than  a  week, 
prescribing  the  drill  schedule  to  be  followed  and  making 
clear  the  objects  sought  by  each  item  of  instruction.  When 
the  solution  of  practical  problems  is  contemplated,  these 
should  be  mentioned  only  in  general  terms  in  the  periodic 
training  schedules,  a  memorandum  being  issued  specially 
for  each  problem.  The  subjects  of  lectures  should  be  an¬ 
nounced  in  advance  and  special  lessons  taught  by  the  lecture 
may  be  emphasized  by  subsequent  publication. 

As  soon  as  the  company  commanders  have  gained  sufficient 
experience  they  may  be  called  upon  for  recommendations 
as  to  details  to  be  incorporated  in  training  schedules. 

TYPES  OF  ENGINEER  ORGANIZATIONS. 

7.  It  is  probable  that  the  Engineers  in  our  armies  will  be 
organized  from  one  or  more  of  the  following  classes  of  troops : 
Regulars,  Reserves,  National  Guard,  Volunteers,  and  those 
raised  by  draft.  The  degree  of  training  of  these  classes 
when  first  mobilized  will  differ,  greatly.  New  Regular  regi¬ 
ments  will  be  formed  by  dividing  the  regiments  already 
existing  into  parts  and  raising  these  parts  to  war  strength. 
Such  regiments  will  contain  many  untrained  enlisted  men 
and  inexperienced  officers.  The  National  Guard  regiments, 
less  thoroughly  trained  to  begin  with,  will  have  undergone 
similar  processes.  The  status  of  units  organized  from  other 
sources  is  uncertain,  but  all  will  be  practically  untrained. 
Thus  no  organizations  will  be  thoroughly  trained,  a  few 
will  be  partially  trained  or  will  include  the  whole  or  parts 
of  previously  trained  units,  and  the  great  majority  will 
probably  be  newly  raised  troops  containing  varying  numbers 
of  men  with  military  experience  or  prior  training,  but  as 
organizations  having  had  no  training  at  all. 

8.  However  organized,  these  troops  may  be  divided  roughly 
into  two  broad  classes  for  the  purpose  of  devising  courses  of 
training  suitable  to  their  needs:  First,  newly  raised  units; 
and  second,  those  created  by  expanding  old  ones  or  parts  of 
old  ones.  The  expanded  unit  contains  a  nucleus  of  trained 


12 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


officers  and  enlisted  men  who  have  worked  together,  and 
has  a  connected  set  of  records  and  established  traditions  and 
esprit  de  corps  inherited  from  the  parent  organization  to 
be  lived  up  to  by  the  offspring.  The  difference  between  the 
actual  worth  of  the  poorest  of  the  expanded  units  and  the 
best  of  the  new  units  may  not  be  great,  but  there  is  certain 
to  be  a  decided  difference  in  their  available  means  for  com¬ 
mencing  training,  and  this  is  the  essential  reason  for  the 
distinction  made  between  the  two  types  of  units.  To  attain 
the  minimum  proficiency  necessary  to  face  the  enemy  the 
expanded  organization  has  only  to  incorporate  and  amalga¬ 
mate  its  new  material.  On  the  other  hand,  no  matter 
how  excellent  its  personnel  the  new  organization  has 
not  this  advantage.  Before  it  attains  the  initial  status  of 
the  organization  just  described  all  of  the  machine^  for 
administration  and  instruction  must  be  evolved  without 
the  aid  of  a  homogeneous  framework  on  which  to  build  and 
with  at  best  only  a  very  small  quota  of  trained  officers. 

In  addition  to  regularly  organized  units  of  officers  and 
enlisted  men,  inexperienced  officers  may  be  grouped  in  pro¬ 
visional  organizations  on  a  cadet  basis  for  initial  training. 
These  will  be  referred  to  as  “officers’  training  units.”  A 
trained  instructing  and  administrative  staff  will  be  available 
for  them. 

ASSUMED  STATUS  OF  ENGINEER  ORGANIZATIONS. 

9.  Personnel ,  new  regiments. — With  respect  to  the  per¬ 
sonnel  of  newly  raised  regiments  it  will  be  assumed: 

(1)  That  the  commander  is  an  officer  of  ability  and  ex¬ 
perience. 

(2)  That  practically  all  of  the  officers  are  duly  qualified 
Engineers  who  have  devoted  some  time  to  the  study  of 
military  matters. 

(3)  That  a  few  officers  in  each  regiment  are  qualified  at 
the  outset  to  act  as  drillmasters. 

(4)  That  the  greater  part  of  the  enlisted  personnel  has 
been  recruited  especially  for  the  Engineers;  that  it  contains 
men  who  have  been  regularly  employed  on  construction 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


13 


work  in  civil  life  and  are  accustomed  to  responsibility;  that 
it  contains  some  skilled  laborers,  some  men  with  clerical 
experience,  and  some  who  are  experienced  in  handling  horses 
and  mules;  and  that  the  great  majority  of  the  men  are 
accustomed  to  manual  labor  and  outdoor  work  under  more 
or  less  severe  conditions. 

10.  Personnel ,  expanded  regiments . — With  regard  to  the 
personnel  of  the  expanded  regiments  it  will  be  assumed  that 
about  20  per  cent  of  the  strength  of  each  company  is  com¬ 
posed  of  men  who  served  in  the  parent  organization,  and 
that  about  30  per  cent  of  the  officers  have  either  served 
with  the  parent  organization  or  are  otherwise  experienced 
in  their  duties.  It  will  also  be  assumed  that  the  new  men 
of  these  organizations  will  generally  be  below  the  standard 
which  may  be  looked  for  in  the  newly  raised  regiments  and 
in  general  that  the  expanded  regiments  will  be  under¬ 
officered  at  first. 

11.  Equipment. — It  will  be  assumed  that  all  organizations 
will  be  provided  at  the  outset  with  about  50  per  cent  of  the 
total  authorized  allowance  of  equipment  and  that  the  balance 
of  the  equipment  will  be  delivered  during  the  first  two 
months  of  service.  It  will  be  assumed  that  the  animals  will 
be  provided  as  soon  as  they  can  be  used  effectively.  Bridge 
equipment  is  not  included  in  the  regimental  equipment,  but 
will  be  assumed  to  be  available  for  the  instruction  of  pioneer 
units.  Special  equipment  will  be  supplied  for  the  instruc¬ 
tion  of  specialized  units,  such  as  railroad  troops  and  recon¬ 
naissance  sections,  but  will  not  be  expected  to  be  on  hand  at 
the  outset.  It  will  be  assumed  that  ample  funds  will  be 
placed  in  the  hands  of  disbursing  officers,  with  which  ma¬ 
terials  to  be  used  in  instruction  and  extemporized  equip¬ 
ment  can  be  purchased. 

12.  Location.— It  will  be  assumed  that  regiments  will  be 
united  for  training  and  for  this  purpose  will  be  quartered 
either  in  permanent  camps  or  cantonments  prepared  in 
advance  and  so  located  as  to  provide  suitable  facilities  for 
field  exercises,  for  pioneer  drills,  and  for  instruction  afloat 
with  ponton  equipage. 


14 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


13.  Time  element . — It  is  the  policy  of  the  General  Staff  to 
give  new  troops  as  much  training  as  possible  before  assign¬ 
ing  them  to  duty  in  the  theater  of  operations.  It  is  estimated 
that  this  period  of  training  should  be  11  months  to  produce 
troops  who  are  properly  fitted  to  take  the  field  against  the 
best  modern  armies.  This  period  may  have  to  be  reduced 
to  about  six  months  or  troops  may  have  to  be  put  into  the 
field  as  soon  as  they  can  be  used  at  all.  Under  these  con¬ 
ditions  a  period  of  6  to  11  months  will  be  assumed  as  that 
within  which  the  training  herein  contemplated  shall  be 
completed,  and  a  period  of  10  weeks  for  progressive  instruc¬ 
tion,  plus  two  weeks  for  general  review  in  applicatory  work, 
will  be  assumed  as  the  minimum  required  for  fitting  newly 
raised  troops  to  be  used  at  all  in  the  presence  of  the  enemy. 
In  determining  the  time  which  can  actually  be  devoted  to 
instruction,  due  allowance  will  be  made  for  work  of  a  routine 
nature  not  directty  connected  with  training. 

THE  TRAINING  GOAL. 

14.  The  immediate  training  goal  of  the  system  of  intensive 
training  is  twofold:  First,  that  the  troops  be  so  organized, 
equipped,  disciplined,  and  trained  that,  when  in  the  presence 
of  the  enemy,  they  can  be  handled  and  used  as  organized 
units.  This  requires: 

(1)  That  all  officers  and  enlisted  men  gain  a  definite  knowl¬ 
edge  of  their  official  relations,  of  the  principles  of  command, 
and  of  the  distribution  of  responsibility  throughout  the 
command. 

(2)  That  the  machinery  for  supplying  subsistence  stores, 
for  cooking,  and  for  messing  be  so  well  developed  as  to  be 
effective  on  the  march  and  in  bivouac. 

(3)  That  all  become  sufficiently  familiar  with  their  arms 
and  equipment  to  be  able  to  care  for  them,  insure  their  avail¬ 
ability  for  use,  and  know  the  use  for  which  each  item  is 
intended. 

(4)  That  enough  close-order  drill  be  learned  so  that  bat¬ 
talions  and  smaller  units  may  be  handled  by  word  of  com¬ 
mand  and  so  that  all  units  will  be  able  to  march  without 
straggling  and  take  up  formations  as  ordered. 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


15 


(5)  That  the  elements  of  extended-order  drill  be  learned 
sufficiently  well  to  enable  each  unit  to  deploy,  advance,  de¬ 
liver  effective  fire,  and  close  with  the  enemy. 

•  (6)  That  the  men  be  hardened  and  be  fairly  well  accus¬ 
tomed  to  ordinary  field  service. 

(7)  That  the  elements  of  the  service  or  security  be  learned 
to  such  an  extent  that  the  command  can  furnish  its  own 
advance  guard  or  outpost  with  reasonable  security  against 
surprise. 

(8)  And  that  the  command  be  so  trained  in  the  most  im¬ 
portant  tasks  of  field  engineering  that  they  may  be  under¬ 
taken  under  service  conditions  with  prospect  of  success. 

It  can  not  be  expected  and  should  not  be  attempted  to 
make  all  of  the  men  proficient  in  many  Engineer  duties.  It 
is  essential  that  in  each  company  there  be  a  few  who  are 
really  dependable  in  each  class  of  work,  and  that  all  have  a 
general  idea  of  their  duty  as  laborers  on  all  of  the  more 
common  classes. 

15.  The  ultimate  training  goal  is  that  described  in  Part  I, 
Chapter  III,  paragraphs  32-42,  inclusive.  In  brief,  it  is  the 
creation  of  Engineer  organizations  properly  trained  for  service 
against  the  best  modern  armies. 

16.  The  training  goal  thus  outlined  can  not  be  attained 
within  the  period  of  intensive  training  without  making 
unusual  demands  upon  every  individual  connected  with  the 
training.  It  is  essential  that  all  devote  their  utmost  mental 
and  physical  energies  to  the  work  in  hand,  with  a  serious 
conception  of  their  responsibilities,  subordinating  personal 
ambition,  comfort,  animosities,  and  jealousies  to  the  earliest 
possible  attainment  of  the  training  goal. 


CHAPTER  III. 


COURSE  I. 

17.  Course  I  covers  the  work  of  organizing,  equipping,  and 
housing  the  troops  and  starting  the  machinery  whereby  they 
are  fed,  discipline  is  maintained,  and  routine  work  is  con¬ 
ducted.  When  a  skeleton  working  organization  already 
exists  and  a  training  staff  is  available,  the  course  may  be 
used  for  individual  and  collective  instruction  of  new  men, 
but  when  an  organization  is  to  take  Course  II  the  time 
devoted  to  Couise  I  should  be  reduced  to  the  minimum 
necessary,  and  should  not  be  extended  to  cover  instruction 
which  is  included  in  Course  II. 

Expanded  regiments  may  be  able  to  take  the  field  in  an 
emergency  as  soon  as  they  have  been  properly  equipped  and 
the  new  men  have  had  such  recruit  instruction  as  is  necessary 
to  enable  them  to  keep  in  ranks  and  take  care  of  themselves 
in  the  field.  Accordingly,  Course  II  may  be  omitted  bv 
expanded  regiments,  in  which  case  Course  I  should  be  ex¬ 
tended  to  include  such  reciuit  instruction  as  may  be  neces¬ 
sary  to  fit  the  regiment  for  active  service.  Newly  raised 
organizations  should  pursue  all  three  courses,  but  no  organ¬ 
ization  should  be  permitted  to  proceed  with  Course  III  until 
it  has  demonstrated  its  fitness  for  field  service. 

18.  Organizing . — Officers  will  be  assigned  to  the  i^egiment 1 
by  the  War  Department.  Assignment  to  companies  should 
be  made  by  the  regimental  commander  after  he  has  sufficient 
acquaintance  with  his  officers  to  enable  him  to  make  the 
most  advantageous  distribution  of  their  various  abilities  and 
expedience.  In  particular,  officers  qualified  as  drill  masters 
should  be  distributed  judiciously.  The  technical  experience 
of  each  should  be  given  due  consideration,  and  officers  who 
are  specialists  in  the  same  line  should  not  be  placed  in  the 

1  The  term  regiment  will  apply  to  mounted  battalions  or  other  detached  units 
wherever  appropriate. 

16 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


17 


same  company  unless  it  is  intended  to  specialize  this  com¬ 
pany.  If  practicable;  officers  who  aie  familiar  with  the 
paper  woik  of  the  Army  should  be  detailed  as  adjutants  and 
supply  officers.  If  such  officers  are  not  available;  those  who 
have  been  most  intimately  connected  with  the  reciuiting  and 
payment  of  the  peisonnel  and  with  the  procuring;  care,  and 
distribution  of  supplies  and  mateiials  in  engineeiing  work 
on  a  large  scale  in  civil  life  are  best  suited  to  this  work. 
Clerical  experience  in  a  large  well-ordered  office  will  be 
highly  valuable  in  staff  positions.  In  choosing  the  regi¬ 
mental  adjutant  consideration  should  be  given  especially  to 
tact,  bearing;  and  evenness  of  temperament.  At  least  one 
officer  in  each  company  should  be  accustomed  to  outdoor 
work  and  be  experienced  in  handling  men. 

It  is  also  important  that  enlisted  specialists  and  men  of 
experience  on  different  classes  of  work  in  civil  life  should  be 
distributed  uniformly  throughout  the  regiment.  The  devel¬ 
opment  of  each  company  depends  greatly  upon  the  rapidity 
with  which  the  men  become  known  to  each  other  and  to  their 
officers.  Extensive  transfers  can  be  made  more  easily  at 
first  than  later.  Accordingly,  at  a  very  early  stage  the  regi¬ 
mental  commander  should  call  upon  each  company  com¬ 
mander  to  make  a  careful  inventory  of  the  capabilities  of 
all  of  his  men,  based  on  their  statements  of  experience  and 
his  knowledge  of  them.* 

Individual  training  records. — In  order  that  organization 
commanders  may  know  and  have  a  record  of  the  individual 
qualifications  and  professional  attainments  of  their  men,  it 
is  recommended  that  each  company  or  detachment  com¬ 
mander,  in  addition  to  the  prescribed  record,  shall  keep  indi¬ 
vidual  records  of  all  of  his  men,  showing  in  detail  the  train¬ 
ing  they  have  received,  the  courses  they  have  completed,  the 
degrees  of  proficiency  attained,  their  industry,  aptitude,  and 
discipline. 

This  lecord  will  be  consulted  and  forwarded  with  all  rec¬ 
ommendations  for  promotion.  .  It  will  be  returned  to  the 
company  or  detachment  commander  after  being  inspected 
by  the  officer  issuing  the  warrants. 

104121—17 - 2 


18 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


19.  Issuing  equipment. — The  work  of  issuing  individual  and 
company  equipment  should  be  carefully  organized  and  con¬ 
ducted  in  accordance  with  a  published  program  which  should 
be  so  arranged  that  as  little  time  as  possible  will  be  lost.  In 
all  cases  the  men  should  be  kept  in  ranks  and  proper  pro¬ 
vision  made  for  checking  equipment  drawn  and  for  making 
replacements  or  exchanges  without  delaying  the  general 
work.  When  supply  officers  and  company  commanders  are 
inexperienced  it  is  recommended  that  the  colonel  give  this 
matter  his  personal  attention  and  give  detailed  instructions 
for  conducting  issues  in  an  orderly  and  efficient  manner  before 
commencing  the  work. 

20.  Housing. — In  the  confusion  usually  resulting  when 
troops  move  into  camp,  there  is  a  tendency  to  put  off  for  the 
first  few  days  a  number  of  important  sanitary  measures. 
This  often  leads  to  the  outbreak  of  preventable  epidemics. 
Sanitary  measures  are  of  immediate  and  vital  importance  and 
should  precede  all  measures  looking  to  comfort  or  con¬ 
venience.  The  colonel  should  make  it  his  personal  business 
to  see  that  proper  provision  is  made  for  the  disposal  of  ex¬ 
creta  and  all  other  waste  and  for  the  cleanliness  of  kitchens, 
messes,  and  all  culinary  and  table  ware.  In  the  permanent 
camp  or  cantonment,  these  matters  may  be  provided  for  to  a 
large  degree  before  the  organization  arrives.  This  should 
not  cause  their  importance,  at  the  -initial  occupation  of  a 
camp,  to  be  lost  sight  of.  After  these  matters  are  attended 
to,  the  drainage  of  the  camp  should  be  looked  after,  and 
finally  provision  made  for  baths  and  washing  facilities,  for 
the  proper  disposition  of  personal  and  general  equipment,  and 
for  recreation  rooms,  and  the  like.  The  expedients  which 
make  for  comfort  in  the  camp  will  be  better  understood  after 
it  has  been  occupied  for  a  period.  Accordingly,  too  much 
time  should  not  b.e  devoted  to  this  at  the  outset.  Care  must 
be  taken  at  the  beginning,  however,  to  impress  the  men  with 
the  necessity  of  properly  caring  for  tentage,  barracks,  and 
all  accessories. 

21.  Feeding. — One  of  the  most  important  tasks  to  be  ac¬ 
complished  during  Course  I  is  the  establishment  of  the  various  ; 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


19 


messes  and  the  giving  of  such  correction  and  instruction  as 
will  get  all  of  them  running  properly.  The  captains,  the 
mess  sergeants,  and  all  of  the  cooks  who  have  not  had  pre¬ 
vious  experience  in  the  Army  have  important  lessons  to  learn, 
and  it  is  absolutely  essential  that  some  one  competent  to  su¬ 
pervise  this  matter  be  placed  in  charge. 

22.  Routine. — The  necessary  records  and  papers  should  be 
properly  made  and  kept,  both  at  regimental  headquarters 
and  in  the  orderly  room.  Some  competent  noncommis¬ 
sioned  officers  or  officer  should  be  given  the  task  of  instructing 
all  in  the  regiment  who  have  clerical  work  to  do.  The 
essentials  are  not  difficult  and  it  should  be  possible  to  attend 
to  them  promptly  without  interfering  with  training.  Mis¬ 
takes  in  paper  work  cause  annoyance  and  confusion  and  may 
cost  money. 

A  general  order  should  be  published  immediately  pre¬ 
scribing  the  routine  service  calls:  reveille,  breakfast,  police, 
sick  call,  fatigue  call,  recall,  dinner,  afternoon  fatigue  call, 
recall,  retreat,  supper,  call  to  quarters,  tattoo,  and  taps. 
General  instructions  should  be  included  to  provide  a  proper 
guard,  regulate  the  use  of  lights,  water,  baths,  roads,  etc., 
the  granting  of  passes  and  other  privileges,  the  police  of 
camp,  and  proper  action  in  case  of  fire  or  other  emergency. 
Until  instruction  has  been  given  in  interior  guard  duty,  it  is 
thought  that  the  best  results  can  be  secured  by  detailing 
selected  men  as  watchmen  under  a  proper  quota  of  non¬ 
commissioned  officers  and  an  officer  of  the  day  who  together 
will  constitute  a  guard.  (The  use  of  soldiers  as  watchmen 
is  authorized  by  Paragraph  221,  Manual  of  Guard  Duty.) 
In  general  the  performance  of  this  duty  should  follow  closely 
the  best  practice  in  the  case  of  policemen  in  our  cities  and 
appropriate  orders  for  the  latter,  properly  carried  out,  will 
insure  the  safety  of  Government  property  and  maintenance 
of  order  in  camp. 

23.  Discipline. — As  infractions  of  discipline  may  occur  at 
any  time,  a  summary  court  and  a  special  court  should  be 
appointed  at  the  outset  and  general  instructions  given  to 
the  officer  of  the  day  and  other  officers  of  the  regiment  re¬ 
garding  the  arrest  and  confinement  of  enlisted  men,  and 


20 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


preferment  of  charges  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of 
the  Manual  of  Courts  Martial.  It  is  suggested  further  that 
at  the  first  opportunity  the  colonel  address  the  entire  regi¬ 
ment  on  the  subject  of  discipline,  trying  to  impress  each  man 
with  the  unnecessary  nuisance  and  interference  with  the 
work  in  hand  caused  by  infraction  of  discipline  on  his  part. 

24.  Drill. — Drill  should  not  be  allowed  to  interfere  with 
the  more  important  work  described  above  for  Course  I. 
This  applies  particularly  to  organizations  which  are  to  take 
Course  II.  It  is  thought  that  about  one-half  hour  should 
be  devoted  to  physical  training  twice  daily  by  all  men  and 
that  other  drills  should  be  attended  by  only  those  men  who 
can  not  be  utilized  in  the  work  of  drawing  supplies  and 
equipment  or  other  like  matters.  These  drills  should  be 
held  at  a  specified  hour  each  day,  and  should  be  devoted  to 
the  school  of  the  soldier,  to  instruction  in  the  care  of  arms 
and  equipment,  and  to  lectures  on  the  subject  of  organiza¬ 
tion,  duties,  privileges,  obligations,  general  relations  of  en¬ 
listed  men,  and  military  courtesy. 

During  Course  I,  the  training  staff  should  be  organized 
and  instructed,  assignments  should  be  made  to  the  various 
schools,  and  training  orders  should  be  prepared  for  the  work 
to  follow  in  the  other  courses.  The  closing  day  of  the  Course 
I  should  see  the  command  ready  in  all  respects  to  commence 
the  regular  schedule  of  instruction  in  the  next  course. 

25.  Recruit  instruction. — It  is  contemplated  that  expanded 
regiments  which  are  to  omit  Course  II  will  be  given  such 
recruit  instructions  under  Course  I  as  will  enable  them  to 
take  the  field  upon  its  completion.  To  this  end  practically 
all  the  other  work  outlined  for  this  course  should  be  per¬ 
formed  by  the  old  soldiers.  This  should  limit  the  special 
work  of  the  recruits  to  the  drawing  of  their  own  clothing  and 
equipment,  leaving  the  balance  of  their  time  free  for  drill. 

A  schedule  of  recruit  instruction,  to  be  used  only  when 
Course  II  is  to  be  omitted,  follows.  All  subjects  are  covered 
each  week,  so  that  this  instruction  may  be  stopped  whenever 
sufficient  proficiency  has  been  attained  to  enable  the  organ¬ 
ization  to  commence  the  regular  course  of  instruction.  The 
instruction  should  be  conducted  under  the  supervision  of 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


21 


company  commanders  when  the  number  of  recruits  in  each 
company  exceeds  about  fifty.  When  it  is  less  than  this, 
companies  should  be  combined  into  provisional  companies 
of  about  100  men  each  for  drill  purposes.  These  companies 
should  be  placed  under  the  general  orders  of  a  major  or 
captain  of  the  regiment,  with  enough  commissioned  and 
noncommissioned  officers  (or  privates  acting  as  such)  to 
provide  about  1  officer  and  6  noncommissioned  officers  to 
each  100  recruits. 

The  following  daily  schedule  of  service  calls  is  suggested: 


Reveille : 

First  call _  5.45  a.  m. 

Assembly _ _ 6.00  a.  m. 

Breakfast _ 6.15  a.m. 

Police  and  stables _ 7.00  a.  m. 

Sick  call  and  inspection  of  camp _  7.15  a.  m. 

Instruction _ _  7.30-11.45  a.  m. 

Dinner _ _ 12.00  m. 

Instruction _ 1.00-  4.00  p.  m. 

Retreat _  5.30  p.  m. 

Supper _  6.00  p.  m. 

Tattoo _  9.00  p.  m. 

Taps _  10.00  p.  m. 


For  all  formations  except  reveille,  first  call  will  be  sounded 
10  minutes  before  assembly.  This  period  may  be  reduced 
advantageously  to  5  minutes  after  the  men  have  become 
accustomed  to  the  routine.  Fatigue  and  practical  work 
should  be  conducted  during  the  periods  set  apart  for  recruit 
instruction.  Only  men  needing  additional  instruction  will 
drill  on  Saturday  afternoon.  No  Sunday  drill. 

Instruction  will  be  given  in  the  following  subjects:  (1) 
Infantry  drill;  (2)  Miscellaneous  Infantry  training;  (3) 
Calisthenics;  (4)  Small-arms  practice;  (5)  Mounted  drill; 
(6)  Engineer  drill;  and  (7)  Customs  of  service.  Only  men 
destined  for  the  mounted  sections  will  take  (5).  In  mounted 
battalions  Cavalry  drill  and  training  will  be  substituted  for 
(1)  and  (2).  In  each  company  (tactical  or  provisional)  the 
recruits  will  be  divided  into  squads  according  to  their  pro¬ 
ficiency  in  subjects  (1),  (2),  and  (6),  a  separate  set  of  squads 
.being  formed  for  each  of  these  subjects,  so  that  a  recruit 


22 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


who  is  deficient  in  one  may  yet  be  in  a  high  squad  in  another. 
These  squads  will  be  numbered  serially,  and  in  general 
instructors  will  be  assigned  permanently  to  each  squad. 
Recruits  will  be  transferred  between  the  squads  from  time 
to  time  as  their  relative  proficiency  changes.  As  the  instruc¬ 
tion  progresses  the  higher  squads  will  be  consolidated  for 
Infantry  drill  in  the  schools  of  the  larger  units,  until  finally 
all  drill  is  given  in  a  unit  representing  a  company.  The 
squads  for  Engineer  drill  will  be  combined  as  may  seem 
advisable. 

Schedule  of  recruit  instruction. 


Periods. 

Nature  ol  drill. 

1.  7.30-8.00  a.  m . 

2.  8.15-9.15  a.  m . 

Calisthenics  or  mounted  exercise. 

Infantry  drill  or  mounted  drill. 

Engineer  drill. 

Lecture. 

Miscellaneous  Infantry  instruction. 

Infantry  drill  or  mounted  drill  and  stables. 

3.  9.30-10.45  a.  m . 

4.  11.00-11.45  a.  m . 

5.  1.00-2.45  p.  m . 

6.  3.00-4.00  p.  m . 

Calisthenics. — Recruits  should  be  drilled  in  large  groups. 
Instruction  should  follow  the  Manual  for  Physical  Drill. 
At  an  early  stage  bayonet  fencing  should  be  introduced  in 
this  period,  using  as  large  a  squad  as  the  available  equip¬ 
ment  allows,  all  men  being  given  an  equal  amount  of 
instruction. 

Infantry  drill  in  both  the  morning  and  afternoon  periods 
should  commence  with  the  school  of  the  soldier  without 
arms  and  progress  through  the  school  of  the  squad  to  that 
of  the  company  in  both  close  and  extended  order.  In 
general,  the  morning  period  should  be  devoted  to  detailed 
work  by  squad  and  the  afternoon  period  to  work  of  the 
larger  units  under  direct  command  of  commissioned  officers. 
The  men  for  the  mounted  section  should  attend  infantry 
drill  in  the  morning  period  until  they  are  proficient  in  the 
school  of  the  soldier  and  squad.  Thereafter  they  should 
attend  infantry  drill  only  in  the  afternoon  period  on  tw4o 
days  each  week,  devoting  the  balance  of  periods  2  and  6 
to  mounted  work.  An  hour  may  seem  too  long  a  period 
for  infantry  drill.  In  the  morning  period  a  good  deal  of. 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL — VIII. 


23 


time  will  be  spent  in  reorganizing  squads  and  commenting 
on  the  work.  The  afternoon  period  affords  an  opportunity 
for  the  officer  in  charge  to  give  personal  instructions,  hold 
competitions,  and  work  out  exercises  in  extended  order 
drill  or  even  in  the  service  of  security. 

Engineer  drill  will  be  devoted  to  a  thorough  grounding  in 
knots  and  lashings  and  the  use  of  cordage;  to  rowing  when 
practicable;  to  a  few  demonstrations  of  trench  work;  to  the 
rigging  of  derricks;  and  the  building  of  the  elements  of  span 
and  trestle  bridges.  Throughout  much  attention  should  be 
devoted  to  teaching  the  terminology  of  military  engineering, 
and  by  careful  explanation  and  questioning  the  men  should 
be  made  to  understand  the  application  of  what  is  taught. 

Miscellaneous  Infantry  instruction  should  commence  with 
the  care  of  arms  and  equipment  (for  details  see  Course  II, 
B-l),  and  should  include  interior  guard  duty,  preparatory 
work  for  small-arms  practice,  the  use  of  bombs  and  hand 
grenades,  and  bayonet  drill.  All  men  should  become  pro¬ 
ficient  in  the  latter  before  being  practiced  in  bayonet  com¬ 
bat  during  the  first  period.  It  is  suggested  that  instruction 
in  all  these  subjects  be  conducted  simultaneously,  the  squads 
rotating,  and  instructors  in  each  subject  being  permanent. 

The  following  subjects  are  suggested  for  lectures  to  be 
given  during  the  fourth  period.  Two  or  more  days  may  be 
devoted  to  the  same  subject. 

(1)  Care  of  arms  and  equipment  and  general  respon¬ 
sibility  for  the  proper  treatment  and  handling  of  all  Govern¬ 
ment  property,  including  clothing. 

(2)  Duties  and  obligations  of  the  soldier  (oath  of  enlist¬ 
ment),  his  relation  to  his  officers  and  noncommissioned 
officers.  Salutes  and  military  courtesy,  proper  methods  of 
address,  etc. 

(3)  Military  discipline — general  principles;  the  unneces¬ 
sary  nuisance  resulting  from  infractions.  Simple  rules  for 
keeping  out  of  trouble.  Desertion,  selling  clothing,  and 
other  offenses. 

(4)  Personal  relationships. — The  pitfalls  laid  for  the  recruit, 
gambling,  money  lending  and  borrowing,  debt  in  general, 
formation  of  friendship  among  older  men,  discontent  and 


24 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


growling,  limitations  on  personal  comfort,  reasons  therefor 
and  means  bo  alleviate. 

(5)  Personal  hygiene . — Precautions  in  camp  and  on  the 
march,  use  of  drinking  water,  personal  cleanliness  and  the 
relation  between  cleanliness  and  health,  exercise  and  mental 
and  bodily  activity,  effects  of  alcohol.  Preventive  measures 
and  reasons  for  them — typhoid  prophylactic,  vaccination, 
venereal  prophylaxis,  malarial  treatment  (quinine  doses  or 
injection),  quarantine.  Flies,  mosquitos,  bedbugs,  and 
roaches.  Use  of  mosquito  bars.  Use  of  latrines. 

(6)  Army  organization  and  tactical  use  of  different  arms. 

(7)  Principles  of  service  of  security  and  patrolling. 

(8)  Principles  of  combat  for  the  individual  soldier. 

(9)  Guard  duty  and  responsibility  of  the  sentinel. 

(10)  Duties  of  engineers  in  war  and  military  engineering 
from  the  point  of  view  of  the  enlisted  man. 

Many  other  subjects  will  suggest  themselves  as  the  instruc¬ 
tion  progresses.  The  lectures  should  be  delivered  by  com¬ 
missioned  officers  from  notes  prepared  carefully  in  advance. 
It  is  recommended  that  the  lectures  always  be  in  the  form 
of  informal  talks  and  that  papers  never  be  read.  The  men 
should  be  encouraged  to  ask  questions  and  all  other  means 
used  to  stimulate  interest. 


CHAPTER  IV. 


SECTION  1 — COURSE  IJ. 

26.  This  course  is  presented  in  a  form  for  a  newly  raised 
pioneer  regiment,  but  modifications  are  suggested  for  a 
mounted  battalion,  a  detached  company,  a  railroad  regi¬ 
ment,  and  officers’  training  units.  No  modifications  are 
given  for  other  special  units,  but  the  course  may  be  short¬ 
ened  or  otherwise  changed  for  such  units  at  the  discretion 
of  commanding  officers. 

In  adapting  the  schedules  to  actual  conditions,  essential 
elements  should  be  omitted  only  when  absolutely  necessary, 
or  when  proficiency  has  been  demonstrated. 

27.  Status  of  regiment. — When  the  regiment  commences 
Course  II  its  status  should  be  as  follows:  Muster  in  and  pre¬ 
liminary  medical  examinations  completed;  camp  livable  and 
sanitary,  and  a  daily  routine  established;  all  equipment  on 
hand  issued;  clothing  requisitions  submitted  and  filled  as  far 
as  stock  on  hand  permits;  messes  running  smoothly  and 
company  offices  and  regimental  headquarters  equipped  and 
able  to  transact  business;  a  system  in  operation  for  the  dis¬ 
tribution  of  subsistence  stores  and  removal  of  waste;  officers 
and  enlisted  men  assigned  permanently  to  organizations  and 
the  number  of  noncommissioned  officers  necessary  to  main¬ 
tain  discipline  and  act  as  drillmasters  appointed;  the  train¬ 
ing  staff,  schools,  and  classes  organized  and  initial  training 
orders  issued;  some  preliminary  instruction  of  driilmasters 
completed  and  all  slightly  instructed  in  calisthenics  and  foot 
movements,  and  in  the  care  of  arms  and  equipment.  In 
short,  ail  is  ready  to  begin  training  with  no  avoidable  inter¬ 
ruptions  to  follow,  except  those  resulting  from  delayed  ship¬ 
ment  of  equipment  or  similar  causes. 


26 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


SCHEME  FOR  ORGANIZING  AND  SCOPE  OF  WORK. 

28.  The  general  purpose  of  Course  II  is  to  cover  practically 
the  entire  scope  of  the  training  prescribed  for  regular  Engi¬ 
neer  troops  in  Paragraph  89,  Compilation  of  General  Orders, 
W.  D.  1881-1915  (G.  O.  6,  1915).  The  time  is  apportioned 
among  the  various  subjects  in  direct  proportion  to  their  rela¬ 
tive  importance  to  troops  in  field  service,  and  in  inverse  pro¬ 
portion  to  the  previous  knowledge  of  the  personnel  concern¬ 
ing  them,  and  experience  in  applying  such  knowledge. 

29.  General  plan. — (1)  General  service  training  will  be  uni¬ 
form  throughout  the  regiment.  It  includes:  Care  of  arms 
and  equipment;  Infantry  drill  in  close  and  extended  order; 
combat  tactics;  interior  guard  duty;  small-arms  practice; 
bayonet  combat  and  trench  fighting;  first  aid,  hygiene,  and 
sanitation;  camping  and  marching;  service  of  security;  and, 
for  the  mounted  men,  equitation,  care  and  feeding  of  animals, 
and  mounted  drill.  The  greater  part  of  the  time  will  be 
devoted  to  this  class  of  training. 

(2)  General  engineer  training  includes  all  branches  of  mili¬ 
tary  engineering.  In  the  time  available  it  is  not  practicable 
to  develop  all-around  engineer  soldiers,  but  each  man  will 
be  well  grounded  in  one  or  more  of  the  details  of  military 
engineering.  Each  will  apply  his  special  knowledge  in  com¬ 
bined  practice  in  either  bridge  or  fortification  work,  and  will 
participate  as  a  laborer  in  other  work  to  which  his  special 
training  does  not  pertain. 

At  the  conclusion  of  the  course  each  company  should  be 
able  to  perform  creditably  any  of  the  ordinary  tasks  in  mili¬ 
tary  engineering,  though  the  men  will  have  to  be  assigned  to 
details  of  the  work  in  accordance  with  their  special  training. 

(3)  Training  in  special  duties  will  be  given  to  first  sergeants, 
clerks,  supply  sergeants,  mess  sergeants,  cooks,  stable  ser¬ 
geants,  farriers,  horseshoers,  packers,  and  buglers. 

(4)  Individual  training  of  engineer  specialists  will  be 
limited  to  map  reproduction,  photography,  and  drafting. 
Specialists  in  the  various  trades  will  be  selected  on  their 
previous  record  and  demonstrated  ability,  and  though  they 
may  be  used  as  instructors  will  be  given  training  in  their 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


27 


specialties  only  to  the  extent  of  familiarizing  them  with  the 
equipment  carried. 

(5)  Officers,  noncommissioned  officers,  and  instructors  gen¬ 
erally,  will  be  given  special  training  in  their  duties. 

(6)  The  scheme  of  organization  and  schedules  for  training 
will  be  drawn  with  due  reference  to  the  conduct  of  adminis¬ 
tration  and  other  routine  duties  and  to  probable  shortage  of 
experienced  instructors. 

30.  Certain  general  rules  are  adhered  to  in  so  far  as  prac¬ 
ticable.  Each  commander  should  conduct  the  training  of  his 
own  command,  in  order  to  develop  his  own  initiative,  mutual 
acquaintance  between  himself  and  his  men,  and  coordination 
and  discipline  within  his  command.  Instructors  must  have 
time  to  plan  their  work  and  all  officers  to  attend  to  necessary 
routine  duties.  The  full  capacity  of  all  for  work  should  be 
utilized  and  applied  to  training.  Instructors  will  be  more 
proficient  to  the  extent  that  they  can  be  selected  on  account 
of  aptitude  for  their  work  and  can  specialize  in  it.  Obvi¬ 
ously  these  rules  are  conflicting.  A  compromise  is  therefore 
necessary  in  applying  them,  and  results  in  a  somewhat  com¬ 
plicated  scheme  for  organizing  the  work. 

The  working  basis  is : 

(1)  Administrative  and  routine  work  by  those  who  will 
have  to  perform  it  in  campaign. 

(2)  Tactical  instruction  and  combined  work  in  military 
engineering  by  tactical  units  under  their  normal  commanders. 

(3)  Individual  instruction  in  general  service  training  by 
companies,  conducted  by  company  commanders  (when  pos¬ 
sible)  under  special  instructors  in  each  subject. 

(4)  Individual  instruction  in  general  engineer  training  by 
classes  of  selected  men  (schools)  under  a  special  instructor  in 
each  subject. 

(5)  Special  instruction  of  officers,  noncommissioned  of¬ 
ficers,  instructors,  drillmasters,  first  sergeants,  clerks,  mess 
sergeants,  etc.,  by  classes  under  special  instructors  in  each 
subject. 

31.  In  general  terms,  the  duties  of  the  officers  of  the  regiment 
will  be  as  follows: 


28 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


(1)  The  colonel. — Commands  the  regiment,  and  is  responsi¬ 
ble  for  its  training  and  all  administrative  and  routine  work. 
In  addition,  he  must  conduct  personally  its  outside  business. 
In  campaign  he  becomes  division  engineer,  and  at  the  train¬ 
ing  camp  may  have  similar  duties.  He  will  probably  find  it 
necessary  to  spend  much  time  away  from  the  regiment 
looking  after  its  interests;  for  example,  in  connection  with 
delayed  equipment.  Nevertheless,  his  personal  influence  is 
of  paramount  importance  in  the  training,  and  all  the  time  he 
can  spare  should  be  devoted  to  its  general  supervision,  though 
he  is  given  no  specific  duties  connected  with  training. 

(2)  The  lieutenant  colonel.— The  immediate  command  of 
the  regiment  will  probably  devolve  on  him  in  campaign.  At 
the  training  camp  he  will  assist  the  colonel  in  every  way 
possible  and  may  be  called  upon  to  take  direct  charge  of  all 
administrative  work  within  the  regiment.  He  is  given  no 
specific  duty  regarding  the  training. 

(3)  The  regimental  adjutant  and  the  supply  officer. — Ad¬ 
ministrative  duties  only — under  the  immediate  direction  of 
the  colonel  or  lieutenant  colonel. 

(4)  The  topographical  officer. — Duty  as  instructor  and  in 
charge  of  the  headquarters  drafting  squad. 

(5)  The  majors. — Tactical  and  disciplinary  command  each 
within  his  own  battalion,  and  duty  as  principal  instructor  for 
the  whole  regiment  in  designated  subjects. 

(6)  The  battalion  adjutants. — Duty  as  special  instructors 
and  such  administrative  work  as  falls  to  battalion  head¬ 
quarters. 

(7)  The  company  commanders. — Administrative  work 
within  the  company,  conduct  of  all  training  by  company,  and 
observation  of  class  instruction. 

(8)  Lieutenants. — Assist  in  company  administration  and 
training,  duty  as  special  instructors,  and  observe  class  work. 
Duty  on  boards,  courts,  etc. 

(9)  The  medical  officers. — One  to  be  sanitary  officer,  one 
attending  surgeon,  all  available  for  duty  as  special  in¬ 
structors. 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - Yin. 


29 


Each  major  should  have  to  devote  but  a  very  small  part 
of  his  time  to  administrative  work  and  each  captain  about 
one-quarter  of  his  time  to  this  and  interior  discipline  and 
police.  All  officers  should  find  sufficient  time  to  plan  their 
work  as  instructors. 

DETAILED  ORGANIZATION. 

32.  The  scheme  for  organizing  the  work  of  training  is 
shown  in  detail  in  the  table  which  follows.  The  following 
special  abbreviations  are  used: 


Bn.  C _ Battalion  commanders — each  in  his  own 

battalion. _ 1 _ 

C.  C _ Company  commander _ 

Sp.  Ins _ Special  instructor  (selected  officer) _ 

Maj _ Major  as  special  instructor.  (The  two 

majors  distinguished  as  X  and  Y) _ 

Surg _ Medical  officer  as  special  instructor _ 

Enl _ Enlisted  men _ 

M.  E _ Master  engineer  as  special  instructor _ 

Ath.  O _ Athletic  officer _ _ _ 

Sel _ Selected _ _ 


33.  Organization  of  training  courses  and  schools. 


30 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - Yin. 


© 

P 

© 


ft  g 

c$  ■*■=> 
02 

00  P 

©  *iH 

P  S- 

02  ^ 
<1  O 


®  bb 


on  ^ 


_  P 
©  P2 

>>  {>» 
■O  ,P 


<!  <!  <1 


.P 

Ph 

OQ 

7 

C\| 


,  ©  • 

JL  on 

•  rH  IZj 

a 


PH 
O  c3 
O  Q 


.  O 

p  'p  'p 

PQ 


o 

,p 

.s 

02 


o 

© 

O 

M 

P 

o 

'oS 

Eh 

W 

N 

P 

0Q 

•c 

-p 

'p 

s* 

P 

© 

P 

<s 

| 

O 

£ 

1 

'p 

© 

*Sh 

'p 

02 

£ 

P 

P 

Ph 

P 

•H 

’bo 

© 

a 

© 

‘p 

o3 

w 

03 

© 

•-- 

ri 

pj 

p 

© 

<3 

pH 

o 

CO 

P 

<H 

Q 

£ 

HH 

O 

, — N 

P 

Eh 

O 

rH 

(M 

CO 

w 

c i 

CO 

ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


31 


A  2 

d  0 
v 

>>  3 

9  ° 

p  • 

I  « 

0 

0 

d  0 

°  3* 

-  d 

(D  OQ 
4-Q> 

3  rd 

o  0 


y  to 
'd  -S 

5  d 
^  d 
d  0 

5  *> 
Q 


to 

d 

£ 

O 


d 

•  OQ 

o 

o 

OQ 

0 

:  £ 

{z; 

d 

:  ° 

d 

OQ 

4-3 

0 

OQ 

!  3 

3 

d 

d 

PQ 

.  CO 

CO 

d 

d  d 

r/'i  <3 


£  3 

y  rt 

o  S 

A  3 

QQ  7? 
0  ° 
OQ 

s  5 

d3 

P 

S'  d 

.2  p 


UJ 

a 

0 

a 

0 

cl 

i 

03 

oi* 

% 

u 

OQ 

-0 

b£ 

OQ 

dr 

ofT 

d 

0 

■+5 

y 

a 

w 

0 

to 

bo 

OQ 

OQ 

a 

j>» 

’ft 

3 

3 

a 

2 

0 

.2 

y 

d 

.S 

d 

d 

a 

d 

0 

.a 

OQ 

<D 

a 

i 

§p 

P 

d 

OQ 

OQ 

d 

d 

o 

•  rH 

4^> 

o 

fl) 

'bO 

d 

i-0 

>  ■ 
P 

d 

CO 

OQ 

OQ 

d 

3 

; 

1 — | 

r~ | 

d 

d 

OQ 

d 

3 

d 

< 

c 

< 

<< 

<! 

<1 

co 

<1 

o  o 


; 

; 

\ 

OQ 

a 

i 

* 

• 

a 

I-P 

•  t 

OQ 

d 

j 

j 

• 

P! 

CQ 

d 

. 

c 

>  o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

•r-l  C 

>  c 

j  o 

!  o 

o 

P  x 

i  d 

d 

d 

d 

d 

3 

p 

y 

'd* 

P  ^ 

!  d 

■  d 

d 

CO 

; 

{ 

PQ 

O 

co 

co 

* 

*  1 

d3 

0 

c3 

d 

0 

2 

d 

4-5 

d 

y 

0 

d 

c3 

>> 

4-3 

d 

c3 

0 

a  5 
a  h 
a 

C3 
0 


0 


d 

a 

oQ  pq 


c3 

P 

a 

o 

0 

-u 

0 

d 

o 

>* 

d 


d  d 
0  0 

11 

o 


to 

3  O 

-  O 


d 

0 

a  m 

0  0 


0 


£  #  ^ 
P  d 


.a  >> 


d 

d 

c3 

CO 

£ 

r2 

3 

2 

P 

b 

o 


Oh 

'sU 

E-i 

Q 

1  § 

Si 

S  a 

p  g 

p  0 

.<  o 

p) 
g 


3  « 
OQ  d 
H-5 

to  oo 

OQ  -05 

m  PC 


-2  -2 

8P  8P 

rb  0 
P  3 
P( 

d  3 
co  eo 


gfa 


.  0  ^ 

+3  to  •- 

to  d  % 

Ph  PQ  co 


d 

d  to 
d  d 

•H  OQ 
OQ  d  f~> 

ft  S  0 

PQ  co 


Q 


33.  Organization  of  training  courses  and  schools — Continued. 


32 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - Yin. 


-L  4-3  o> 

B  60 

•  pH  ISZ 

M  So 


4-3  JH 

bX)  <D 

s  § 

1 1 
d  a? 

W  P-. 


W 


aj 

GO 

OQ 

OQ 

OQ 

ad 

GQ 

o 

O 

6 

O 

o 

o 

c 

O 

d 

-2 

> 

d 

3 

d 

GO 

-£5 

>• 

d  » 

d 

d 

5  Q' 

ad 

id 

ft 

03 

d 

ft 

<M 

d 

CM 

d  ft 

5zj 

d 

ft  d 

ft  d 

r> 

&. 

03  rH 

03 

rH 

c=d 

rH 

03  GO 

lO 

co 

CO  03 

CO  CO  CO 

a 

d 

C 

) 

d 

d 

d 

P3 

c 

!  * 

pt 

I 

d 

2 

1  pq 

d 

'q 

w. 

m 

vJ  0>  vJ 

S  CO  S 

GG 

JH 

OQ 

•fH 

c 

>  o 

c 

> 

•rH 

_c 

)  c 

)  o 

& 

a) 

S  ’-3 

Maj 

Sp. 

1  ^ 

!  T3 

a  2 

i-t  COO 

qj  a> 

s  # 

5  ? 
2  m 
o 
£ 

W 


s 

a> 

6o 

60 

S 


<X> 

60 

"2 

ffl 


d 
o 

ft  b* 
d  £ 

§>  -3 

§  I 

a 

yq  lO 


o 

.ft 

B 

>* 

m 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL — VIII. 


33 


^Each  Co . 

^Each  Co . 

O  O 

ft  O 

rd  rd 

©  © 

c3  o3 

W  Pd 

DQ  DQ 

DQ* 

o  o 

o  o 

ft  ®  ft  ® 

ft  _DQ  ft  ® 

Xh  ft  ^  ft 

*  >  •  > 
Xh  ft  5^  ft 

N  OO  N  CO 

^  O  1— 1  02 

c3  cj  O 
rd 


O 

a  3 

r  d 
>»  ® 
pq  S 


3 

‘S 

i 

1 1 

c«  g 

-d  £ 
©  2 
■s  .2 

d  o 

•  SP  § 

DQ 

o  .  - 

T3 


O 

d 

fci. 

•d 

d 


© 

I? 


© 


0Q  3 

O  +3 
ft  © 
0) 

<M  1—1 1 
„  CO 
d 

2  S 


>> 

cXj 

0Q 

B 

© 

a 

m 

o 

a 

+a 

© 

Qd 

C$ 

'd 

o 

© 

pq 

53 

a 

$a 

o 

d 

o 

© 

© 

2 

GO 

'o 

2 

*a 

o 

© 

'o 

pd 

© 

Cv 

GO 

© 

3 

fl 

W 

GO 

< 

< 

1 

© 

ft 

6D 

d 

a 

o 

© 


W 


X! 


be 

d 

a 

o 

© 


ft 

o 

EH 


d  d 

d  ; 

rs 

c3 

rr 

i 

d 

fc  03 

d 

03 

c: 

d 

>  o 

d 

o 

ft  ft> 

ft  ft 

ft 

) 

© 

$ 

i  d 

•  © 

02  ft 

ft  ft 

pq  gq 

ft 

)  C/2 

|  *# 

•  ft 

#  * 

•  GC 

1 

:  X  X 

1  X  : 

J  £ 

'•  A  d 

► 

o  .ft  .ft  >ro,  .  c 

■d  c3  ci  cS  d 

> 

'c 

*  ft  'c 

i  -S  c 

i  c 

► 

!  s  pq  ft 

>  ft 

>  m  ft 

»  pq  ft 

> 

Ph 

ft 

o 

rd 

© 

© 

c3 

© 

GO 

d 

DQ 

<& 

•nd 

d 

o3 

d 

#o 

§* 

o 

GO 

.GO 

*a 

d 

o 

d 

d 

© 

a 

SO 

o 

© 

d 

© 

s 

© 

3 

Q 

O 

i 

P3 

d  CO 

.2  d 

t5  .2 

£  tS  ® 

©  2  m 
U)  JS 
3  tS  -2 
pq  fe  S 


CM  CO 


>* 

d 

03 

ft 

a 

O 

a 

>» 

r© 

DQ 

a 

3 

3 

2 

ft 

>» 


© 

d 

ft 

ft 

< 


02 

Hi 

O 

o 

w  p 
©  •  o 
M  o 
~  w 

02  o 
«  02 
o  .. 

S  g 

g  § 

®  s 

5?  £ 

t— i  o 


X:  ft] 


w 


ph 


O  W  d 


104121-17- 


Note. — In  Sub.  B-5  mtd.  sections  attend  normally  mounted.  In  Sub.  E-4  all  engineer  tool  wagons  and  pack  animals  attend,  mtd.  sections 
mtd.  In  Sub.  G  all  units  in  normal  field  order. 


34 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL — VIII. 


REMARKS. 

34.  Time  distribution . — With  the  exception  of  officers  and 
enlisted  men  engaged  on  routine  work  and  instructors  not 
needed  in  their  normal  functions  as  officers  and  noncommis¬ 
sioned  officers,  the  entire  command  will  be  engaged  at  any 
time  on  one  of  the  following  groups  of  work: 

(1)  Any  one  of  the  subjects  (1)  to  (6)  included  under 
B — “  General  service  training,”  the  mounted  men  either  at¬ 
tending  mounted  drill  separately  or  with  the  balance  of  the 
command,  mounted  or  on  foot. 

(2)  The  schools  under  C,  “  General  service  training,”  and 
under  D,  “  Engineer  training.” 

(3)  General  engineer  training,  by  section  (E  1,  2,  and  3) 
or  by  company  or  battalion  (E-4) . 

(4)  Subject  G.— Practice  marches  and  field  exercises  for  the 
entire  command. 

The  instructors’  school  will  be  held  in  the  evenings  and 
during  calisthenic  and  other  drills  which  require  only  a  few 
instructors.  Time  for  administrative  work  and  the  planning 
of  drills  is  available  during  the  periods  assigned  for  the 
schools  and  other  special  instruction. 

35.  Instructors. — The  total  number  of  special  instructors 
required  is: 

(1)  For  general  Infantry  instruction  (B-4),  6  officers,  6 
noncommissioned  officers. 

(2)  For  mounted  drill  (B-7),  2  officers. 

(3)  For  schools  in  general  service  training  (C),  6  officers 
and  about  10  noncommissioned  officers. 

(4)  For  schools  in  general  engineer  training  (D),  12  officers 
and  about  16  noncommissioned  officers. 

Of  these  four  groups  of  work  needing  special  instructors, 
only  the  schools  in  general  service  and  general  engineer 
training  are  held  simultaneously.  The  total  number  of  in¬ 
structors  required  for  these  schools  is  18  officers  and  about 
26  noncommissioned  officers,  and  these  instructors  are 
available  to  serve  as  instructors  in  the  work  held  at  other 
times.  Therefore,  the  total  number  of  special  instructors 
need  not  exceed  18  officers  and  26  noncommissioned  officers. 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL — VIII. 


35 


exclusive  of  the  2  majors.  The  2  battalion  adjutants,  the 
topographical  officer,  at  least  2  of  the  medical  officers, 
the  2  color  sergeants,  the  sergeant  bugler,  the  battalion 
sergeant  major,  and  at  least  9  of  the  11  master  engineers  are 
available  for  duty  as  special  instructors  so  that  only  13  offi¬ 
cers  and  12  noncommissioned  officers  need  be  drawn  from  the 
companies.  It  is  thought  that  lieutenants  will  be  found  who 
are  qualified  for  this  work,  which  will  leave  all  the  captains 
and  5  lieutenants  free  for  other  duties  during  the  periods 
designated  for  school  work.  Further,  as  the  general  In¬ 
fantry  instruction  (B-4)  is  conducted  by  the  companies  in 
rotation,  only  2  officers  need  be  drawn  from  the  companies 
as  special  instructors  in  this  work,  leaving  all  the  other  com¬ 
pany  officers  free  to  participate  in  the  work  with  their 
commands. 

DAILY  ROUTINE. 


36.  The  ordinary  daily  routine  follows.  For  all  forma¬ 
tions  except  reveille,  first  call  will  be  sounded  five  minutes 
before  assembly. 


Time  and  periods. 


Normal  occupations. 


Reveille,  first  call — 5.45  a.  m. 

Assembly — 6  a.  m . 

Breakfast — 6.15  a.  m . . 

Police  call — 7  a.  m . 

Stable — 7  a.  m . . 


Sick  call  and  inspection  of  quarters — 
7.15  a.  m. 

Fatigue  call  and  first  instruction  period — 
7.30-8.15  a.  m. 


Between  breakfast  and  police  call,  all  men 
will  police  around  their  bunks,  fold  and 
put  away  their  clothing,  and  attend  to 
equipments .  All  company  officers  pres¬ 
ent  at  police  call.  Company  formed  in 
ranks,  proceeds  with  organized  general 
police  of  quarters,  grounds,  and  stables. 

Inspection  of  quarters.  Captain  signs 
morning  report  and  attends  to  delin¬ 
quencies,  etc. 

Company  formed.  Old  guard  and  special 
details  for  fatigue  fall  out.  B-(2), 
physical  drill;  B-{7),  mounted  exercise; 
H,  instructors’  school— officers  and 
others  not  attending  to  attend  to  ad¬ 
ministrative  duties.  (J,  noncommis¬ 
sioned  officers’  schools  when  necessary). 


36 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


Time  and  periods. 

Normal  occupations. 

Second  instruction  period — 8.30-9.15  a.  m. 

B-(3),  infantry  drill;  B-(7),  mounted  drill. 

Third  instruction  period — 9.30-10.45  a.  m. 

B-(l),  arms  and  equipment,  or  D,  schools 
for  engineer  training,  and  C  for  clerks, 
mess  sergeants,  etc.,  and  later,  E,  en¬ 
gineer  training  by  company.  (Officers 
and  noncommissioned  officers  other  than 

instructors  to  finish  administrative  and 
other  work.) 

Fourth  instruction  period — 11-11.45  a.  m. 

Continuation  of  work  in  third  period  of 
special  work. 

Dinner — 12  m . 

Fatigue  call — 12.45  p.  m . 

Old  guard  and  special  details  formed  for 
fatigue. 

Fifth  instruction  period — 1-3  p.  m . 

B-(4),  general  Infantry  training,  or  B-(5), 
tests  and  applicatory  problems,  general 
service. 

Sixth  instruction  period — 3.15-4  p.  m... 

B-(3),  infantry  drill  (and  on  certain  days 
B-(7),  mounted  drill),  or  B-(5)  con¬ 
tinued  from  fifth  period. 

Recall  from  fatigue — 4  p.  m . 

Stables — 4.15-4.45  p.  m . 

For  mounted  sections  and  teamsters. 

Guard  mounting — 4.30  p.  m . 

Buglers  (band)  and  guard  details.  Recre¬ 
ation  for  all  not  on  duty  from  4  to  retreat. 

Retreat  or  parade — 5.15  p.  m . 

All  men  including,  at  least,  1  officer  from 
each  company.  Men  inspected  in  ranks 
under  arms. 

Supper.  Immediately  after  retreat  or 

One  company  officer  should  inspect  quar¬ 

parade. 

ters  during  supper. 

Seventh  instruction  period — 8-9  p.  m.. . . 

I,  officers’  school,  and  J,  noncommissioned 
officers’  school  on  alternate  evenings.1 

Tattoo — 9.15  p.  m . 

Lights  out. 

Taps — 10  p.  m . 

Inspection  by  Officer  of  the  Day  and  de¬ 
tailed  company  officers. 

(Check  roll) . 

(Check  roll  call  only  for  men  who  are  abus¬ 
ing  night  privileges.) 

1  This  is  not  recommended  if  other  time  can  be  made  available. 
Special  days  will  be  set  aside  for  practice  marches  and  field  exercises. 


37.  Guard  and  fatigue. — The  rudiments  of  interior  guard 
duty  are  to  be  taught  under  subject  B-4-a,  and  not  in  con¬ 
nection  with  actual  guard  duty.  Until  two  companies  have 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL — VIII. 


37 


had  this  instruction,  guard  will  be  performed  by  watchmen 
permanently  detailed  on  special  duty  under  an  officer  de¬ 
tailed  as  provost.  Thereafter  a  regular  interior  guard  will 
be  established,  assumed  as  not  to  exceed  an  officer  of  the 
day,  1  officer  of  the  guard,  2  sergeants,  3  corporals,  36  pri¬ 
vates,  and  2  buglers.  In  order  not  to  interrupt  class  work 
unduly,  the  guard  should  be  made  up  of  details  from  all 
companies,  the  size  of  the  detail  from  each  company  being 
in  proportion  to  the  strength  of  the  company.  The  rosters 
should  be  so  arranged  that  the  officer  of  the  day  and  the 
officer  of  the  guard  are  not  both  special  instructors.  This 
permits  the  one  who  is  a  special  instructor  to  attend  his 
regular  classes,  his  responsibilities  as  a  member  of  the  guard 
devolving  on  the  other.  Both  should  be  excused  from  all 
other  training. 

The  guard  will  be  excused  from  all  duty  except  fatigue 
on  the  day  after  they  march  off.  If  the  morning  period  for 
police  is  used  properly  by  the  companies,  no  additional 
fatigue  details  should  be  necessary.  With  the  exception  of 
the  guard  and  old  guard,  only  the  following  need  be  excused 
from  drills:  Lieutenant  colonel  and  regimental  staff  (attend 
only  when  detailed  as  instructors),  company  commanders, 
first  sergeants,  mess  sergeants,  supply  sergeants,  and  clerks 
from  first  period,  third  period,  and  fourth  period  (and 
clerks  from  sixth  period)  when  absolutely  necessary;  special 
instructors  from  first,  third,  and  fourth  period  work  when 
not  instructing  or  attending  classes  as  students;  two  kitchen 
police  and  one  orderly  from  each  company  by  roster  daily 
(orderlies  at  headquarters  to  be  furnished  by  the  guard); 
cooks,  from  all  drills  except  cooks’  schools,  a.  m.  Infantry 
drill  and  field  exercises. 


ADAPTATION  OF  COURSE  II  TO  A  12  WEEKS’  TRAINING  PERIOD 


38 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


00 

CO 


& 

"d 


5* 


& 

T3 


& 

'S 

a> 

d 

Eh 


.43 


w 

of  tf  CO 

WWW 


1 

42 

a 

o 

T3 

o 

0 

ft 


W 


W 


H 

N  N  M  J>  H 

m  M  PQ  w  w 


w 


W  PQ  W  M  O  Q 


W 


CO 

w  W 


Q  Q 


CO 

W  W 


H 


1>-  CO  !>■ 


2  -P 

fl  OD 
©  « 
be  -H 

-  >» 


M  W  W  W  o  Q 


Q  Q 


w  w 


co 

w  W  w 


c3  'o 

§  s 

a  " 

a>  be 


Q  Q 


Q  Q  W 


w  W 


'd 


P>> 

4=5 

ft 


„  a 


W 


CO 

w  w 


be 

a 

'3 

§  .§ 

S  > 

08  S 

*3  m 

2  2 
cS  CD 
U  0 
„  a> 

r— I  bo 
I 

W  O 


W 


CO 

W  W 


39.  Second  week . 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL — Yin. 


% 

3 


d  Q  o 


a 

pq 

P>> 

rO 

d 

o 

.© 

© 

ft 


& 

3* 


•■a 

d 

03 

02 

s 

© 

3 

o 

J-l 

ft  “ 
~  02 

pq 


CO  tj. 

pq  pq 


T3 

02 

P 

H 


o  t- 

PQ  W  pq  PQ 


o  Q  pq 


pq  H  pq  pq  o 


T 

o  Q  pq- 


>» 

cS 

n3 

02 

© 

H 


w 


& 

T3 

a 

o 


pq 


>> 

& 

ft 

<?n 

pq 


pq 


>» 


o 


T  co  t> 

o  q  pq  pq  pi 


d 

2  o 

s  J2 

1  « 

I  i 
©  © 
d  ° 

§  t a 

d  o 


bo  > 

.2  § 

.2  50 

2  t>£ 

+3  p 


pq  Q 


© 

© 

d 

d 

W 


cS 

02  d 
d  .2 

©  -fj 

bo  o 
p 


Q  Q 


M 


pq.S 


39 


Practice  march — about  10  miles,  no  packs;  instruction  in  keeping  closed,  etc. 


Adaptation  of  Course  II  to  a  12-weeks '  training  period — Continued. 

40.  Third  week . 


40 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


c3 

T3 


oi 

T3 


m 


o  P  o 


P 


p 

.o 

V> 

o 

a> 

Ph 


B  ft 


s 

a> 

2 

Ph 


oS 

s-  §> 

a,  ® 

P-<  <^> 


>> 

c3 

OQ 

P 

,P 

H 


N  N  CO  N 

w  w  w  w  o 


o  P  P 


M 


PQ  PQ  PQ  ffl  o 


o  P  pq 


;>> 

o3 

"P 

02 

<U 

P 

EH 


p 


p 


Q  P  PQ 


W 


>> 

P 

T5 

P 

O 

a 


6D 

.a 


>> 

Ph 

of 

p 


■p 

>> 


m  o 


02 

a>  "§ 

§  ,§ 
.  P  o 
&C  ® 

w  a 

p 


o  P 


1 1 

a> 

60  « 
P 

-  f-i 
TjH  -M 

I  00 

P 


a  o 

§  ° 

S 

o  o 

O  0Q 

§  s 

W  0) 

CJ> 


A1 


Practice  march,  light  packs,  about  7  miles,  and  deployments  for  attack. 

Battalion  parade  on  Monday,  Tuesday,  Thursday,  and  Friday,  battalions  alternating. 


41.  Fourth  week. 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


£ 

TJ 


CO 


m 


Q  P  Q 


„  o 

V  % 


a 

fl 

'p 

o 

a> 

ft 


PQ 


>> 

c3 

*2 

Pn 


n3 

a 

03 

I  • 

s  a 

<D  0> 

•11 


>> 

o3 

T3 

K) 


PQ  pq  pq  pq  o 


o 


T  *?  'T 

Qm  mm 


C3 

OQ 

o> 

a 

P 

a> 


& 

■g 

<D 

a 

Eh 


c^t^cor- 

m  m  m  m  d  p 


O 


p  m 


c$ 

P 

a 

o 


>* 

ft 

<nT 

l 

m 


5>> 


co  tj.  be  o 

m  m  o' 


a 

53 

bo 

be 

a 

•a 


>h  ro 

<x>  o 

a  o 
To  M 

8  g 

_  a> 


O 


m  m 


<£.1 


41 


Practice  marches  on  Monday  and  Friday,  light  pack,  to  include  problems  in  security. 
Battalion  parade  Monday,  Tuesday,  Thursday,  and  Friday,  battalions  alternating. 


Adaptation  of  course  II  to  a  12  weeks'  training  period — Continued. 

42.  Fifth  week. 


42 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL — VIII. 


<& 


o3 

•P2 

P=H 


>> 

c3 

tj 

GO 

Sh 

A 

Eh 


Q  Q  O 


a 

o 

o 

>> 

rO 


o  >> 
©  d 

&  £ 
03  CLi 

d 


T3 

d 

o3 

rd 

o 

a 

I  I 
•I  1 


m 


pq  pq  pq  pq  o 


o  Q 


& 

nd 

go 

© 

d 


>> 

c3 

Td 

03 

© 

d 

Eh 


(M  N  CO 


pq  pq  pq  pq  o 


O  Q  PQ 


<M  t"  CO  t>- 

pq  pq  pq  pq  6  Q 


Q  Q  W 


<3 

’TS 

d 

o 


pq. 


>* 


pq  Q 


d 

© 

6o 

60 

d 

•a 


Q  Q 


>» 

o 

a 

a> 

•i-t 

o 

yd 

o 


-2 
03 
© 

o 
d 
o 
‘o 
yd 
2 

Ph  t-t 


>» 

o 

d 

© 

*o 

yd 

o 


■S 


o 

d 

'<D 

‘o 

yd 

o 


W  W  h 


.3  7,  «** 

n-i  +J 

d  a  o 
©  © 

■"G  PX,  co 
d  *  d 
0)0)0 
+3  "C 
a  o  c3 

6X3  «  > 

fl  ,®  » 


>*  -M 

d  0 
c3  .® 

0  d 
o  m 
®  -d 
dd  % 

y  ©  „ 

©  d  2 


a 


o 

d  .a 
®  ^ 


d 'd 


© 


© 

Ss 

GO 

^  G 
d  o 

a 

o  © 

to 'd 

In  © 
® 

5  & 

d 
© 


_  m 
qs  © 

8  Si 

1  -3  » 

■©  'c3 

d  03  5-1 

o  ® 

“  °  8 

M  2  w 

©  £“  .3 

g  ^  d 
^  o  ^ 

•2  *  4* 

rd  hs  o 

+J  +3  © 

®  ‘d 

°  yd  o 
>>T5  ” 
d  d  .d 
'd  03  © 

§  ^  © 


O  o 

+3  © 

©  o 
d  d 
£  ^ 
2  C3 

.a « 


^  S  'S 

a  T3 

^  8  ® 
c3  S  d 

|  £  g 
d  ^  os 

&  «  a 


others  to  observe. 

Practice  march,  full  pack,  12  miles. 
Regimental  parade  on  Tuesday  and  Thursday. 


43.  Sixth  week. 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL — Vin. 


43 


& 

I 

W 


d 

Pi 

.a 

BO 

a 

O 

CO 

df 

o 

a 

e3 

■d 

d 

©3 

CO* 

a 

a 

o 

.a 

©3 

pf 

O 

d 

.o 

ft 

I 

o 

•s 

& 

rd 

TJ 

‘2 

8 

o 

O) 

ft 

o 

d 

a 

d 

•4J 

•  JZj 

*o 

O 

02 

©3 

a> 

O 

X 

W 


N  N  CO  N 

W  pq  W  « 


W 


w 


a  & 

o>  0 

*■”?  c3 

o  ° 
d  to 
ft  d 


c  a 

§  a 


<M  t>-  CO  1>- 

pq  pq  pq  PP 


1—1  ^  CO 

WWW 


.5  a  += 

T3  c3  d 
©3  0  0 

2  m  a 

d  .a  .& 

S  8  S' 

®  ~  x) 

3-2S 
2  §  * 
Pm 


c3 

'S 

tn 

0) 

d 

f£ 


bC  ft 

.2  a  2 

e3  d 
a  o  o 

■2  a- 1 
•:  -g  -s 


<N  t-~  CO 
I  I  I  I 

pq  rn  PQ  pq 


WWW 


2 

o  g 

Sh  cS 

Pm 


o  a> 
,d 


>*' 

a 

'P 


C<l  1>*  CO  I> 

pq  pq  pq  pq 


i-M  Ojl  CO 

WWW 


>> 

o 

d 

ta> 

*o 

<d 

o 


'S 

d  ft 
.2  2 
02  O 

.2  -3 

a  ® 

a  *m 

O 

§  o 

O  £ 

d  o 


& 

d 

o 


S- 

1  , 

o>  ; 

;  .d 

0)  ; 

d  • 

:  >> 

•  m  t>0 

•  ±3 

J  ^ 

bfc  .s 

•a  l 

H  T 

o  2  c 

£  ■§ 

rd  "73 


13  ""S 


O 

•S3 

>> 

dS 

ft 

PP 


W 


'£  £ 


g  d 

§  '2 
g  * 
o 


©3 

<d  a 
be  cd 
xs  V3 

•d  f-i 

Ji  <2 


pq  pq  pq 


WWW 


t>> 

o 

d 

a> 

a 

cd 

I 


ft-S 


E-l,  E-2,  and  E-3:  All  bridge  sections,  all  fortifications  sections,  and  all  mounted  sections  of  each  battalion  combined  in  three  groups  for 
demonstration  and  applicatory  work — subjects  covered  in  D  courses.  In  this  work  the  specially  trained  men  w ’ll  be  used  as  assistant  instructors. 
A  set  of  problems,  one  for  each  section  for  each  day,  should  be  solved — these  being  designed  to  demonstrate  details  primarily. 

Regimental  parade  on  Tuesday  and  Friday. 


Adaptation  of  course  II  to  a  12  weeks’  training  period — Continued. 

44.  Seventh  week. 


44 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL — VIII. 


5* 

fl 


o3 

fl 


fl 
a 
o 

O  rrH 

<x>  fl 


S  * 

o 
£ 


g  fl  «_ 


fH  >> 
2  ^ 


§  JT 

c3  N 


o 


fl 

pq 

>> 

.O 

fl 

#o 

v> 

o 

o 

Ah 


fa  : 

OQ  :  fl 

ci 

CO 

t^. 

:  t 

pq 

pq 

pq 

pq 

fa  M 

3 


o3 


fl  to 

W  ° 
ia 

pq  ^  o 


^  - 
>*  fl 


if  fl 
•r!  os 


2  03 
CD  pj 

fl  ^ 

•H  © 

a 

fl 


<3 

fl 


eo  t- 

pq  w 


pq  pq 


a 

JJ3  w 

«p  1  'S 

I  Sh 

pq  fa 


;>> 

o3 

fl 

co 

o 

fl 

fl 

a» 

£ 


g  fl 
*43  M 

o 

C«  rfl 
Jh 

fa 


* 


2  * 
0)  o 

2  -p 

o  03 


>»  ^ 
r-fl 

rrt  CJ> 


2 


£3  fa 

2  •£?  B>  © 

c3  fl  03  CO 
S  2  pH  CO 


o3 

fl 

co 

a> 

fl 

H 


fl 

pq 

fl 

pq 

fl 

§ 

-*-q> 

GQ 

s 

fH 

U2 

i  r-~ 

CO  l> 

pq  pq 


pq  pq 


2 

03 

2 
5  2 
g  pH 
T3 

f  s 

fa 


& 

fl 

fl 

o 


PQ 


O  .fl 
O  h-3 

id  ° 
d  g 

S 

'S  §  • 

fl-  £  ?  m 

w  s  ^  fl 

•g>  §  § 

fa  pq 


2 


•  »H 

.  CD 
.  03 

S  .9 

0>  bo 
~  fl  • 
fl5  fl 


45  ^  ~ 
b  1  - 
I  g  * 

A  B 


o 


PQ  pq 


bo 
fl 

"fl  03 

I  # 


fl  03 
O  go 

’-fl  fl 

S3  03 
O 

fl  fl 
’fl  A 
>h  o 

.2  2 

<N  co" 
I  I 

fa  fa 


2 

03 

fl 

O 

J-i 

PH 

fl 

fl 


fa 

>> 

— 

-8 

.o 

'pA 

£ 

fl 

s 


fl 

pq 

;>> 

fl 


fa-fl 


F,  selected  engineer  specialists  to  be  picked  from  results  previous  week’s  work  in  E-l,  2,  3,  and  by  tests,  and  be  made  familiar  with  tools 
carried  and  given  theoretical  instruction  in  the  application  of  their  specialties. 

B-4b,  trigger  pull,  sighting,  and  position  work  for  balance. 

E-4,  combined  engineer  instruction  by  company.  Each  day’s  work  should  consist  in  a  general  problem  involving  work  of  all  three  sections 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL — VIII. 


bp 

.3 

p 

2 

p 

p 

8 

o 


a 

I 

8 

>> 

rO 

bh 

ai 

of 

o 

a 

> 

oi 


1 

P 

*  *  • 

3  d 
O  -rH  T3 
H  09 

m  S  a> 

2  o 'd 
a  p  <x> 

£  ‘F 
o  S  « 

2  M  O 

H  P 
P  2  T3 

OQ  p  c3 
P  p  2 

P  £ 

EH  bo  A 


>»  «3  rt 
S  m  ® 

g  P  H 

Ph  .3 
a  b».  od 

§  &  3 
p  a  w 

oS  .2 
«_  p 

o 


45 


46 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL — VIII. 


45.  Eighth  week . 

First  battalion: 

Monday,  Tuesday,  and  Wednesday:  Three-day  problems  in  E-l,  E-2,  and  E-3* 
Thursday,  Friday,  and  Saturday:  Three-day  practice  march,  including  E-4. 
Second  battalion:  Qualification  course  on  target  range. 

Ninth  week . 

First  battalion:  Qualification  course  on  target  range. 

Second  battalion :  Work  of  first  battalion  prescribed  for  eighth  week. 

Remarks  on  eighth  and  ninth  weeks. 

Three-day  problems:  Each  battalion  section  to  have  a  single  problem  in  military 
engineering  requiring  about  three  days  to  complete.  These  problems  are  primarily 
to  demonstrate  proficiency  in  organizing  and  in  team  work. 

Fractice  march:  One  day  in  shelter-tent  camp  to  be  devoted  to  battalion  problem — a. 
river  crossing  or  other  problem,  involving  work  for  all  elements  of  the  battalion. 

46.  Tenth  week. 

Monday  morning:  First  period,  B-2  and  B-7;  second  period,  B-3  and  B-7;  balance- 
of  day,  preparation  for  practice  march. 

Tuesday  to  Saturday,  inclusive:  Fractice  march  of  not  less  than  80  miles  with  prac¬ 
tice  problems  in  engineering  and  tactics. 

47.  Eleventh  and  twelfth  weeks . 

Such  review  work  as  the  colonel  thinks  most  needed. 

MODIFICATIONS  OF  COURSE  II. 

48.  Modifications  for  a  mounted  battalion: 

Scheme  of  organization — 

B.  General  service  training. 

B-3.  Change  to  Cavalry  drill. 

B-4.  Change  to  general  Cavalry  instruction. 

B — 4 — b .  Change  to  rifle  practice. 

B-4-c.  Change  to  pistol  practice. 

Omit  B-7.  Mounted  drill  and  care  of  animals  (B-3  covers  this). 

D.  Engineer  training,  general  schools. 

Omit  D-3.  Rowing  school.  Limit  work  of  ponton  school  to  “Advance- 
guard  equipment,”  and  include  paddling  and  handling  of  boats  in  pon¬ 
ton  school. 

Omit  D-9.  Miners  and  sappers  school. 

Under  D-5.  Trench  layout  school,  emphasize  siting  and  omit  design  and 
layout  of  work  not  covered  in  fortification  construction  school. 

Consolidate  D-6,  D-7,  and  D-8  as  fortification  construction  school,  reduc¬ 
ing  detail  of  students  by  one-half,  omitting  work  not  appropriate  with 
Cavalry. 

Increase  detail  for  D-10,  demolition  school,  to  6  noncommissioned  officers 
and  12  privates. 

Omit  E-3.  Mounted  sections. 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


47 


Make  necessary  changes  in  detail  of  students  and  instruc¬ 
tors.  Modify  all  courses  to  fit  them  for  mounted  Engineers 
and  for  work  with  the  Cavalry. 

Daily  schedule. 


Time  and  periods.  i  Normal  occupations. 


Reveille,  first  call — 5.45  a.  m . 

Assembly — 6  a.  m . 

Stables  immediately  after  reveille . 

Breakfast — 6.30  a.  m . 

Police  call  and  sick  call — 7.15  a.  m . 

Inspection  of  quarters — 7.30  a.  m . 

Fatigue  call — 7.45  a.  m . 

First  instruction  period — 8-9.30  a.  m. .  .  . 

Stables — 9.30-10  a.  m . 

Second  instruction  period — 10.15-11.45 
•  a.  m.' 


Dinner — 12  m . 

Fatigue  call — 12.45  p.  m . 

Third  instruction  period — 1-2.45  p.  m _ 

Fourth  instruction  period — 3-3.45  p.  m.. 

Recall  from  fatigue — 4  p.  m . 

Water  call — 4  p.  m . 

Fifth  instruction  period — 4-4.30  p.  m. . . . 


Feed  and  groom. 

Between  breakfast  and  police  call  all  men 
police  around  bunks,  put  away  clothing 
and  equipment,  etc. 

Companies  formed  for  general  police  of 
quarters,  grounds,  and  stables. 

Captain  signs  morning  report,  attends  to 
delinquencies,  and  gives  special  in¬ 
structions  for  the  day,  etc. 

Old  guard  and  special  details  formed  for 
fatigue. 

Cavalry  drill. 

Groom. 

B-l,  arms  and  equipment,  or  C  and  D, 
schools  for  general  Engineer  training 
and  for  first  sergeants,  clerks,  etc.  Offi¬ 
cers  and  others  not  attending  to  attend 
to  administrative  and  other  routine 
duties.  Animals  fed  by  stable  details 
at  noon. 

Old  guard  and  special  details  formed  for 
fatigue. 

B-4,  general  Cavalry  instruction,  or  B-5, 
tests  and  problems,  general  service 
training. 

Physical  drill  and  mounted  drill  on  alter¬ 
nate  days,  or  B-4  continued. 

Stables,  grooming,  feeding,  and  bedding 
down. 

Recreation  for  all  not  on  duty  from  4.30 
p.  m.  to  retreat. 


Guard  mounting — 4.30  p.  m 


48 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


Daily  Schedule — Continued. 


Time  and  periods. 

Normal  occupations. 

Retreat  or  parade,  dismounted — 5.15  p.  m. 
Supper  immediately  after  retreat  or  pa¬ 
rade. 

Sixth  instruction  period — 8-9  p.  m . 

Men  inspected  in  ranks  under  arms. 

I,  officers’  school,  and  J,  noncommis¬ 
sioned  officers’  school  on  alternate  days. 

Lights  out. 

Inspection  by  officer  of  the  day  and  de¬ 
tailed  company  officers  (check  roll  call 
only  for  men  who  have  abused  night 
privileges). 

Tattoo — 9.15  p.  m . 

Taps — 10  p.  m . 

No  work  Saturday  afternoon  or  Sunday,  except  reveille,  stable,  guard,  fatigue, 
police,  and  retreat.  Special  days  to  be  set  aside  for  field  exercises  and  practice 
marches  as  suggested  for  pioneer  regiment.  Ceremonies  conducted  on  Saturday  in 
connection  with  inspection. 

Guard  and  fatigue,  same  as  for  pioneer  regiment,  omitting 

officer  of  the  guard  if  practicable  but  including  suitable 
stable  guard. 

Two  stable  orderlies  in  each  company,  detailed  by  roster 
or  permanently  from  experienced  soldiers;  to  be  excused 
from  all  drills. 

49.  Modifications  for  a  detached  pioneer  company : 

Scheme  of  organization — 

Captain  to  conduct  all  training. 

B-4.  General  Infantry  instruction.  Take  subjects  in  rotation,  completing  each 
before  proceeding  to  next. 

Omit  B-6.  Ceremonies,  but  hold  inspection  and  a  little  drill  in  manual  or  march¬ 
ing  at  retreat  daily. 

Omit  C.  General  service  training  schools',  but  give  special  instruction.  A  lieuten¬ 
ant  may  be  detailed  for  this  purpose. 

D.  Engineer  training  schools.  Consolidate  each  of  the  three  groups  for  instruc¬ 
tion  under  the  lieutenant  commanding  the  corresponding  section.  Divide 
each  group  into  squads  corresponding  to  the  schools,  for  instruction  under  a 
selected  noncommissioned  officer. 

Other  minor  modifications  as  necessitated  by  limitations 
imposed. 

50.  Modifications  for  railroad  regiment. — It  is  presumed 
that  the  regiment  will  be  well  schooled  and  informed  in  the 
technical  requirements  and  duties  of  the  individuals. 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


49 


The  work,  then,  will  consist  in  developing  organization 
and  giving  such  military  instruction  as  is  necessary  to  effi¬ 
cient  field  service  with  an  army. 

The  special  purpose  of  the  training  will  be  to  develop  mili¬ 
tary  discipline  so  that  the  organization  can  be  efficiently 
handled  in  marches  and  when  changing  station.  This  will 
best  be  accomplished  by  close  order  Infantry  drill. 

The  course  will  be  given  in  five  weeks,  the  last  one  being 
a  review  of  the  four  previous.  Regular  courses  and  schools 
will  be  modified  as  follows: 

(1)  Omit  B-4-f,  B-5,  C-4,  C-5,  C-7,  D-l,  D-2,  D-3,  D-5, 
D-6,  D-7,  D-8,  D-9,  and  E. 

(2)  Changes  in  remaining  regular  courses  as  follows: 

B-3.  Omit  extended  order  except  rudiments  of  deploying. 

B-4-b.  Omit  all  shooting  at  ranges  greater  than  300  yards. 

B-4-c.  Rudiments  only. 

B-6.  One  parade  per  week.  Total  of  two  reviews. 

C-3.  Special  instruction  in  handling  railroad  material  and 
supplies  must  be  given.  Four  men  per  company  should 
receive  this  instruction.  They  should  be  expert  construc¬ 
tion  storekeepers. 

(3)  The  following  should  be  added:  Students*  one-half 
noncommissioned  officers  and  company  officers.  Later  prac¬ 
tical  work  by  all.  Instruction;  railway  management  and 
operation.  Men  will  be  assigned  to  duties  according  to  their 
civil  qualifications.  This  instruction  will  be  solely  to  develop 
cooperation  and  coordination. 

(4)  Instructor,  Maj .  Y :  Students,  one-half  noncommis¬ 
sioned  officers  and  company  officers;  later  practical  work 
by  one  battalion.  Instruction:  Railroad  pioneer  work. 
This  does  not  differ  from  other  Engineer  work  except  in  the 
weight  and  size  of  materials  handled. 

104121—17 - 4 


50 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


(5)  Daily  schedule. 


Time  and  periods. 


Normal  occupations. 


Reveille,  first  call — 5.45  a.  m . 

Assembly — 6  a.  m . 

Breakfast — 6.15  a.  m . 

Police  call — 7  a.  m . 

Sick  call;  inspection  of  quarters — 7.15 
a.  m. 

Fatigue  call— 7.30  a.  m . 

First  instruction  period — 7.45-8.15  a.  m. . 
Second  instruction  period — 8.30-9.15  a,  m. 
Third  instruction  period— 9.30-10.45  a.  m. 
Fourth  instruction  period — 11-11.45  a.  m. . 

Dinner — 12  m . . . 

Fatigue  call — 12.45  p.  m . 

Fifth  instruction  period — 1-3  p.  m . 

Sixth  instruction  period — 3.15-4  p.  m _ 

Recall  from  fatigue — 4.30  p.  m . 

Guard  mounting — 4.  30  p.  m . . 

Retreat  or  parade — 5.15  p.  m . 

Supper — after  retreat  or  parade . 

Seventh  instruction  period — 8-9  p.  m . 

Tattoo — 9.15  p.  m . 

Taps — 10  p.  m . 

(Check  roll.) 


Same  as  for  regular  course  with  proper 
omissions  substituting  (3)  and  (4)  for  all 
regular  E  drills. 


51.  Modifications  for  officers’  training  groups— k  qualified 
training  and  administrative  staff  of  company  clerks,  mess  ser¬ 
geants,  cooks,  and  fatigue  detail  of  enlisted  men  or  hired 
civilians  for  camp  guard,  sanitation,  care  of  stock,  etc.,  will 
be  assumed  to  be  present.  Student  officers  are  grouped  in 
companies,  organized  on  a  cadet  basis  as  pioneer  companies, 
less  mounted  sections.  Each  company  will  be  commanded 
by  an  officer  of  the  Army  detailed  as  an  instructor,  and  lieu¬ 
tenants  will  be  either  officers  detailed  as  instructors  or  acting 
lieutenants  detailed  by  the  camp  commander  from  specially 
selected  student  officers  who  are  qualified  to  act  as  in¬ 
structors.  Acting  noncommissioned  officers  will  be  appointed 
from  specially  qualified  student  officers.  These  may  be  used 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


51 


as  assistant  instructors.  Horses  and  equipments  available 
for  work  in  equitation  for  about  one-fourth  of  the  command 
at  a  time. 

The  training  will  be  based  on  a  regimental  organization. 
Complete  company  equipment  and  a  division  of  advance 
guard  and  ponton  equipage  will  be  assumed. 

Scheme  for  organizing  the  training : 

Colonel,  senior  instructor  and  camp  commander. 

Major,  senior  assistant  instructor  and  battalion  commander. 

B-7.  Mounted  instruction,  to  be  given  to  all  student  officers. 

C.  General  service  training  schools.  Consolidate  and  arrange  courses  in  several 

schools  to  be  followed  seriatim  by  all  student  officers  by  company.  Special 
instructors  may  be  assigned  in  each  subject  and  the  companies  rotate.  Each 
course  should  be  curtailed  and  otherwise  modified  to  fit  it  for  student  officers. 

D.  Engineer  training,  general  schools. 

All  student  officers  to  take  all  courses,  attending  in  each 
subject  by  company.  Companies  to  rotate  on  courses  1,  2, 
3,  4,  11,  and  12  until  completed;  then  to  rotate  on  courses 
5  to  10,  inclusive,  until  completed.  Courses  to  be  curtailed 
and  otherwise  modified  so  as  not  to  require  manual  dex¬ 
terity  but  thorough  familiarity  with  methods  and  desired 
results. 

Omit  E-l,  E-2  and  E-3,  under  Engineer  training,  general, 
and  include  the  work  under  E-4  problems,  taking  up  those 
pertaining  to  bridges  and  fortifications.  Sections  seriatim. 

Omit  F,  Engineer  trade  schools,  H,  instructors’  school  and 
junior  noncommissioned  officers’  school. 


Daily  schedule . 


Time  and  periods. 

Normal  occupations. 

Reveille,  first  call — 6.15  a.  m . 

Assemblv — 6.30  a.  m . 

Police  call — 6.45  a.  m . 

Inspection  of  camp  by  noncommissioned 
officers. 

Breakfast — 7  a.  m . 

First  period — 7.30-8.15  a.  m . 

C.  General  service  training  schools  or  jun¬ 
ior  officers’  school. 

B-2,  physical  drill,  and  B-3,  Infantry  drill 
and  B-7  equitation;  B-2  and  B-3  con¬ 
ducted  in  conjunction;  B-7  by  company 
in  rotation. 

Second  period — 8.30-9.15  a.  m. . . . 

52 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL — VIII. 


Daily  schedule — Continued. 


Time  and  periods. 

Normal  occupation. 

Third  period — 9.30-10.45  a.  m . 

B-4,  General  Infantry  instructions;  or 
B-5,  problems. 

Junior  officers’  school;  or  K,  lectures;  or 
B-5  continued. 

Fourth  period — 11-12  a  m . 

Luncheon — 12.15  p.  m . 

Fifth  period — 1-2  p.  m  . 

Junior  officers’  school. 

Sixth  period — 2  15—4  30  p  m . 

D.  Engineer,  training,  schools;  or  E-4,  En¬ 
gineer  training,  problems. 

To  be  omitted  at  discretion  of  command¬ 

Retreat  or  parade — 5  p.  m . 

Dinner — 6.30  p.  m . 

ing  officer. 

Seventh  period — 8—9  30  p  m 

Study,  or  K  lectures. 

Taps — 10  p.  m . 

Special  exercises — practice  marches  and 
range  practice  as  directed. 

Scope  of  instruction . — Course  J  should  include  the  entire 
Course  I  given  in  Part  III  of  the  Training  Manual,  the 
subject  of  the  training  of  Engineer  troops  as  given  in  Part  I 
of  the  Manual  and  such  part  of  Course  II,  Part  III,  as  can  be 
covered.  Tactical  exercises  and  problems  in  tactical  appli¬ 
cation  of  military  engineering  should  be  introduced  as 
suggested  for  the  pioneer  regiment.  Range  practice  may  be 
covered  similarly.  Lectures  should  include  tactical  employ¬ 
ment  of  Infantry,  Cavalry,  Field  Artillery,  and  fire  direction 
and  control. 

SECTION  II.  INSTRUCTIONS  FOR  SCHOOLS. 

A.  Practical  work  of  administration. 

52.  A-l  and  A-2.  Regimental  and  company . — Texts:  Army 
Regulations;  Compilation  of  General  Orders,  Circulars,  etc.; 
Appendices  1,  2,  and  3,  Engineer  Training  Manual;  Manual 
for  Courts-Martial;  War  Department  General  Orders  and 
Circulars;  and  Special  Regulations  of  War  Department 
Bureaus. 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL — VIII. 


53 


Purpose:  To  instruct  all  officers  and  selected  enlisted  men 
in  their  duties  incident  to  regimental  and  company  adminis¬ 
tration. 

Methods  of  instruction:  ^Instruction  will  be  given  by  caus¬ 
ing  those  taking  the  course  to  enter  the  company  or  regi¬ 
mental  office  and  actually  perform  the  practical  work 
connected  with  these  duties.  In  addition,  such  theoretical 
work  may  be  given  as  the  instructors  deem  advisable. 

53.  A-3.  Sanitary. — This  course  will  be  arranged  and 
conducted  by  the  senior  medical  officer  present  with  the 
command. 

B.  General  service  training. 

54.  B-l.  Care  of  arms  and  accoutrements. — Texts:  Infantry 
Drill  Regulations  and  Small- Arms  Firing  Manual. 

Purpose:  In  order  to  prevent  injury  to  arms  and  accoutre¬ 
ments  due  to  misapplied  efforts,  carelessness,  or  neglect, 
instructions  in  the  care  of  the  rifle,  pistol,  bayonet,  and  other 
equipment  should  be  given  recruits  immediately  after  the 
issue  of  these  articles. 

Equipment:  Company  and  individual  equipment. 

Method  of  instruction:  The  captain  or  a  designated  sub¬ 
altern  will  assemble  the  corporals,  give  them  the  instruction, 
and  then  require  the  corporals  to  give  the  same  to  their 
squads  under  his  supervision.  The  captain  by  means  of 
rigid  inspections  will  see  that  this  instruction  and  his  orders 
on  the  subject  are  carried  out.  Corporals  should  be  held 
responsible  at  all  times  for  the  proper  appearance  of  the  men 
in  their  squads  and  for  the  proper  care  of  the  equipment. 

Steps  in  training:  (1)  Description  of  contents  of  pack  and 
haversack.  Demonstration  of  how  to  make  up  same. 
Each  man  should  then  be  required  to  make  up  and  put  on 
his  pack.  Faults  are  then  pointed  out  and  corrected. 

(2)  Lecture,  with  demonstration  when  called  for,  covering 
the  following  subjects: 

(a)  Nomenclature  of  parts  of  rifle  (I.  D.  R.,  pi.  1)  and 
bayonet  (par.  11,  Manual  of  the  Bayonet). 

( b )  Use  of  oil  and  ammonia  solution. 

(c)  Cleaning  rod,  proper  method  of  use  (from  breech). 


54 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL — VIII. 


(d)  Oiler  and  thong  case  when  used,  relative  value  of  this 
and  cleaning  rod. 

(e)  Caution  against  using  shellac  or  other  preparation  on 
the  stock. 

(/)  Necessity  for  constant  care  of  rifle  and  bayonet  in 
order  that  they  may  prove  effective  weapons  in  time  of  need. 
Rifle  qualification,  extra  pay. 

(g)  Improvised  rods  and  thongs.  Danger  of  using  steel 
or  iron  rods. 

(h)  Care  of  rifle  at  drill,  on  the  march  and  in  battle. 
Danger  of  leaving  it  on  the  ground.  Failure  to  function  on 
account  of  dust,  dirt,  and  mud. 

(i)  Character  of  fouling  of  bore. 

(j)  Relative  effect  of  injury  to  bore  near  muzzle  and 
breech. 

(k)  How  to  take  rifle  apart  and  put  it  together.  (Per¬ 
mission  necessary  to  remove  all  except  certain  parts.) 

55.  B-2,  physical  drill. — Text:  Manual  of  Physical  Training. 

Purpose:  The  objects  of  the  course  in  physical  training 
are  to  impart  to  its  recipients  general  bodily  vigor,  smartness, 
activity,  and  precision. 

Equipment:  Company  and  individual  equipment. 

Method  of  instruction:  All  should  be  required  to  attend 
the  drill.  The  scope  and  methods  to  be  followed  in  this  in¬ 
struction  are  very  completely  covered  by  the  Manual  of 
Physical  Training  and  the  instructions  in  it  relative  to  the 
schedule  below  will  be  observed  in  minutest  detail.  The 
drills  will  be  repeated  in  sequence.  If  the  colonel  believes 
this  drill  to  be  given  too  soon  after  breakfast,  he  may  inter¬ 
change  this  period  and  that  of  the  Infantry  drill  period. 

The  instructor  should  explain  which  muscles  are  to  be 
developed  by  different  exercises,  so  that  the  drill  will  be  more 
interesting  to  the  men.  It  will  also  help  them  to  deter¬ 
mine  which  exercises  to  go  through  out  of  drill  hours  if 
they  wish  to  develop  a  certain  set  of  muscles.  Two  and  four 
count  exercises  should  be  given  at  first  and  the  more  com¬ 
plicated  ones  after  these  have  been  understood. 

Pick  and  shovel  work  may  be  substituted  for  any  part  of 
the  drill  at  the  discretion  of  the  colonel.  Besides  hardening 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - Yin. 


55 


the  hands  and  muscles,  such  exercise  may  be  used  to  teach 
the  men  to  dig  without  lost  motion  or  wasted  effort,  and  to 
make  cuts  or  fills  useful  in  connection  with  Engineer  training. 

Steps  in  training:  Drills  will  be  given  in  the  following 
order.  Before  going  to  drill  the  instructor  should  consult 
the  manual,  if  necessary,  in  order  that  he  may  be  entirely 
familiar  with  the  work.  In  this  drill,  more  than  in  any 
other,  lack  of  vigor,  precision,  and  purpose  will  destroy  the 
object  of  the  exercise. 

First  drill — 

(1)  Marching  in  quick  and  double  time,  flexion 

marching. 

(2)  Setting-up  exercises. 

(3)  Jumping  exercises. 

(4)  Trunk  and  arm  exercises. 

Second  drill — 

(1)  Exercises  in  marching,  combined  with  arm  and 

leg  exercises. 

(2)  Setting-up  exercises,  chiefly  trunk  exercises. 

(3)  Exercises  in  coordination. 

(4)  Stretching  and  breathing  exercises. 

Third  drill — 

(1)  Double  and  quick  time  and  marching  exercises. 

(2)  Setting-up  exercises,  general. 

(3)  Rifle  exercises. 

(4)  Jumping  exercises. 

(5)  Stretching  and  breathing  exercises. 

Fourth  drill — 

(1)  Running  and  walking. 

(2)  Setting-up  exercises. 

(3)  Jumping  trenches  and  clearing  obstacles. 

(4)  Stretching  and  breathing  exercises. 

Eifth  drill — 

(1)  Exercises  while  marching  in  quick  and  double 

time. 

(2)  Coordination  exercises  in  setting-up  drill. 

(3)  Jumping  trenches  and  clearing  obstacles. 

(4)  Gymnastic  contests. 

(5)  Stretching  and  breathing  exercises. 


56 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL — VIII. 


56.  B-3 .  Infantry  drill. — Texts:  Infantry  Drill  Regulations 
and  Training  Infantry  (Morrison). 

Purpose:  This  drill  is  given  to  insure  soldierly  bearing, 
discipline,  proper  conduct  of  marches,  and  a  knowledge  of 
the  principles  of  deployment  and  advance  under  fire.  Engi¬ 
neers  go  forward  with  the  first  wave  of  the  attack  and  should 
therefore  be  as  skilled  as  Infantry  in  this  part  of  the  advance. 

Equipment :  Individual  equipment. 

Method  of  instruction:  The  attention  of  instructors  is 
called  to  the  fact  that  their  lack  of  zeal  and  energy  will  be 
reflected  in  lack  of  precision  in  the  execution  of  movements. 
Commands  should  be  given  in  clear  rising  tones  which  de¬ 
mand  attention  and  response.  Drills  should  not  be  unduly 
prolonged  and  should  be  varied  as  much  as  possible. 

Signals  will  be  given  until  troops  are  entirely  familiar  with 
them. 

The  schools  of  the  soldier  and  of  the  squad  will  be  given 
by  squad  instructors  and  noncommissioned  officers,  under 
the  direction  of  company  officers.  In  order  to  expedite 
matters  the  brighter  and  more  adaptable  recruits  should  be 
combined,  and  those  who  are  slower  to  learn  placed  in  other 
groups.  This  preference  will  excite  comment  and  the  back¬ 
ward  men  will  try  harder  to  do  well. 

As  soon  as  a  fair  degree  of  proficiency  is  attained  in  these 
schools,  the  others  will  be  taken  up  in  succession. 

Instructors,  officers  of  proper  grade. 

Steps  in  training:  (1)  Schools  of  soldier  and  squad. 
Manual  of  Arms.  The  company  will  be  divided  into  sections 
corresponding  to  the  number  of  instructors  who  are  available. 
As  soon  as  the  rudiments  of  the  steps,  facings,  and  marching 
are  learned;  i.  e.,  men  can  stay  in  ranks,  they  will  be  given 
rifles  and  instructed  in  the  manual  of  arms. 

(2)  School  of  the  company.  As  soon  as  squad  movements 
can  be  executed  with  a  fair  degree  of  accuracy,  this  school 
should  be  taken  up.  Its  benefits  are  superior  to  (1)  in  that 
better  instructors  are  available  to  all  and  more  interest  is 
developed  in  the  larger  movements.  Extended  order  should 
be  given  a  part  of  the  period  as  soon  as  the  elements  of  close 
order  are  learned.  As  discipline  is  more  difficult  to  maintain 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL — VIII. 


57 


in  this  class  of  drill,  it  should  not  be  attempted  until  atten¬ 
tion  and  response  are  assured. 

(3)  School  of  company.  Extended  order  on  varied  ground. 
The  advance,  use  of  cover. 

(4)  School  of  the  battalion.  This  should  be  attempted  as 
soon  as  the  battalion  commander  believes  the  companies 
capable.  Too  much  time  should  not  be  spent  in  the  school 
of  the  company,  as  the  details  of  company  drill  can  be  per¬ 
fected  in  the  school  of  the  battalion. 

( 5)  Elementary  combat  principles  by  extended  order. 

(6)  The  regiment.  This  drill  should  be  undertaken  only 
when  the  others  are  fully  understood. 

57 .  B-4-a.  Interior  guard  duty . — Texts:  Manual  of  In¬ 
terior  Guard  Duty,  and  Infantry  Drill  Regulations. 

Purpose:  In  addition  to  providing  an  efficient  interior 
guard  for  the  regiment,  this  training  will  supplement  Infantry 
drill,  by  increasing  the  quality  of  discipline  of  the  troops. 

Equipment:  Company  and  individual  equipment.  In  case 
the  supply  of  manuals  in  the  company  is  insufficient  for  the 
need,  the  company  commander  should  have  the  parts  of  it 
relating  to  the  various  grades  copied  by  typewriter  or  mimeo¬ 
graph  and  distributed  to  the  men  concerned. 

Method  of  instruction:  The  company  wall  be  divided  into 
three  guards,  each  under  a  lieutenant  acting  as  officer  of  the 
guard,  the  captain  performing  the  duties  of  officer  of  the  day. 
Theoretical  instruction  and  study  will  be  followed  by  practical 
application  of  the  principles  learned.  Each  noncommis¬ 
sioned  officer  must  learn  the  duties  of  the  grade  above  him. 

Steps  in  training :  ( 1)  Division  of  the  company  into  guards. 
Distribution  of  manuals  and  instructions.  Talk  by  lieu¬ 
tenants  on  duties,  as  laid  down  in  the  preceding.  General 
supervision  by  captain. 

(2)  Posting  reliefs.  Parallel  posts  or  quadrangles  should 
be  staked  out  on  the  parade.  Each  guard  will  be  divided 
into  three  reliefs.  While  one  is  on  post,  the  other  two  will 
devote  their  time  to  study  and  questions  under  direction  of 
the  noncommissioned  officers.  The  lieutenant  and  captain, 
by  inspecting  the  reliefs,  will  see  if  the  orders  and  duties  are 


58  ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 

being  learned.  They  will  pay  particular  attention  to  these 
points : 

(a)  Military  bearing  of  sentinels. 

( b )  Proper  execution  of  the  Manual  of  Arms. 

(c)  Application  of  orders:  What  to  do  in  case  of  fire;  how 
to  proceed  in  case  of  disorder,  suspicious  persons  near  post, 
escaping  prisoners,  etc.;  how  to  ask  for  relief. 

(d)  See  that  sentinels  know  by  name  and  sight  the  com¬ 
manding  officer  and  members  of  the  guard  detail. 

( e )  Require  clear-cut  answers  to  such  general  questions  as 
may  come  up  in  practice. 

(3)  Same  as  (2)  simulating  night  work,  require  challeng¬ 
ing. 

(4)  Simulate  some  of  the  conditions  in  (2)  and  (3).  For 
example,  select  certain  noncommissioned  officers  to  act  as 
marauders,  drunks,  etc.  Proceed  on  the  hypothesis  that 
certain  houses  are  on  fire,  etc.  Conduct  some  of  this  practice 
at  night. 

(5)  Duty  over  prisoners.  Procedure  at  guard  mounting, 
at  the  guardhouse,  and  at  work.  Establish  a  certain  area 
for  the  guardhouse,  have  formal  and  informal  guard  mount¬ 
ing.  Designate  two  reliefs  to  act  as  prisoners  and  the  other 
to  take  charge  of  them. 

(6)  When  the  captain  is  satisfied  that  his  company  can 
perform  guard  duty  without  damage  or  loss  of  property, 
impairment  of  discipline,  or  loss  of  prisoners  committed  to 
it,  he  will  so  notify  the  colonel. 

58.  B-Jf-b.  Small-arms  practice. — Texts:  Infantry  Drill 
Regulations,  Small-Arms  Firing  Manual,  and  Bull's-eye 
Score  Book. 

Purpose:  Small-arms  training  has  for  its  object  the 
development  of  individuals  capable  of  delivering  an  instan¬ 
taneous,  accurate,  and  quick  fire  on  any  target  with  the 
weapons  with  which  they  are  armed.  It  must  also  develop 
good  fire  discipline. 

Equipment:  Individual  equipment.  Sighting  bars,  mark¬ 
ers,  and  rifle  rest  can  be  made  by  placing  a  sand  bag  on  a 
small  tripod  or  by  using  the  bag  alone.  For  prone  rests 
the  box  given  in  the  manual  is  best. 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL — Yin. 


59 


Method  of  instruction,  general :  The  selection  of  the  officer 
to  supervise  the  target  instruction  of  the  regiment  as  a 
whole  will  depend  upon  the  experience  of  the  officers  avail¬ 
able,  and  will  be  a  separate  problem  for  each  regiment. 
The  extent  of  this  officer’s  personal  supervision  will  depend 
on  his  own  experience,  and  the  experience  of  the  officers 
under  him.  In  any  case  it  will  be  desirable  to  stimulate  as 
much  friendly  rivalry  as  possible  between  the  two  battalions, 
among  the  companies,  and  among  the  squads  in  each  com¬ 
pany.  The  best  results  are  obtained  when  target  practice 
is  made  an  essentially  sporting  proposition,  and  success  can 
not  be  attained  unless  each  man  takes  a  live  interest  in  the 
matter,  and  is  willing  to  undergo  the  necessary  training  in 
order  to  accomplish  the  desired  result.  Try  to  pick  out 
instructors  who  can  keep  up  this  interest.  It  is  desirable 
to  have  instructors  who  have  had  some  experience  on  the 
ran  e,  but  remember  that  the  best  shots  are  not  always  the 
best  instructors.  One  officer  in  each  company  should  be 
given  entire  charge  of  the  target  instruction  in  the  company. 
For  various  reasons,  the  captain  will  sometimes  find  it 
advisable  to  assign  this  work  to  a  lieutenant.  The  captain 
should  personally  supervise  this  work,  however,  and  should 
require  all  his  lieutenants  to  take  part  in  the  instruction. 
It  will  be  successful  in  the  same  degree  as  zeal  and  interest 
are  shown  by  company  officers. 

Before  a  good  shot  can  be  developed,  his  muscles  must  be 
trained  in  the  mechanism  of  firing.  For  this  reason,  position 
and  aiming  drills  should  be  frequently  given.  They  should, 
however,  be  short.  During  the  target  season,  it  is  suggested 
that  this  drill  be  included  in  the  calisthenics. 

Method  of  instruction,  rifle:  The  following  method  of 
instruction  has  been  found  to  be  successful  in  practice. 
Some  modifications  may  be  found  desirable  in  particular 
cases.  Where  the  captain  is  mentioned  below,  it  should  be 
understood  to  refer  to  a  lieutenant  if  he  has  been  assigned 
to  the  instruction. 

The  individual  instruction  in  the  company  should  be 
given  by  squads.  A  squad  instructor,  either  a  sergeant  or 
corporal,  should  be  permanently  assigned  to  each  squad. 


60 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


The  captain  should  personally  instruct  the  squad  instruc¬ 
tors,  going  into  details,  in  exactly  the  same  way  that  he 
wishes  the  squad  instructors  to  instruct  the  individual  men. 

The  theoretical  instruction  should  be  given  entirely  by 
informal  lectures  or  talks.  The  captain  first  lectures  to  the 
squad  instructors,  giving  practical  illustrations  wherever 
possible.  The  squad  instructors  later  repeat  this  instruc¬ 
tion  to  their  squads,  being  careful  to  bring  out  all  essential 
points.  The  captain  should  supervise  the  squad  instruction, 
going  from  squad  to  squad ;  if  he  keeps  his  ears  open,  he  will 
get  a  few  good  pointers  himself,  which  he  should  later  pass 
on  to  the  other  squad  instructors.  If  a  squad  instructor 
fails  to  bring  out  some  point,  the  captain  should  later  call 
his  attention  to  it. 

On  suitable  occasions,  the  captain  may  give  the  entire 
company  a  short  talk  on  target  practice,  its  importance, 
etc.  The  main  part  of  the  theoretical  instruction  is  given 
by  the  following  12  lectures,  given  by  the  captain  to  the 
squad  instructors,  and  by  the  squad  instructors  to  the  men. 
Each  lecture  with  its  accompanying  exercises  will  take 
about  half  an  hour.  But  as  some  instructors  are  slower 
than  others,  three  quarters  of  an  hour  should  be  allowed. 
Sufficient  information  is  given  in  the  Manual  for  Target 
Practice  and  Johnston’s  Score  Book  to  enable  the  captain  to 
prepare  the  lectures,  especially  if  he  has  had  some  experi¬ 
ence  on  the  range. 

Steps  in  training,  rifle  (subjects  for  lectures) :  (1)  Impor¬ 
tance  of  target  practice.  Necessity  for  Engineers.  Outline 
general  methods  and  course  of  instruction.  Practice  on 
range.  Extra  pay. 

(2)  Use  and  care  of  rifle.  Illustrate  practically.  Use  of 
ammonia  solution  in  rifle  is  not  necessary  provided  bullet 
is  slightly  greased  with  good  automobile  cup  grease  before 
putting  cartridge  in  rifle. 

(3)  Principles  of  sighting;  focus  of  eye. 

(4)  Positions.  Use  of  sling.  Keep  loop  of  sling  well  up 
on  arm  near  shoulder.  Keep  sling  tight  when  shooting. 
This  will  be  somewhat  uncomfortable  at  first,  but  will 
damage  no  one  who  is  not  an  invalid.  End  up  the  lecture 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


61 


with  a  few  sighting  and  snapping  exercises,  standing.  Each 
man  should  bring  his  own  rifle  to  the  instruction.  During 
all  sighting  exercises,  or  other  exercises  simulating  condi¬ 
tions  on  the  range,  the  instructor  should  give  his  most 
careful  attention  to  correct  position,  proper  holding  of 
breath,  and  other  details  of  method,  or  peculiarities  of  the 
individual  men.  Faults  should  be  pointed  out  and  cor¬ 
rected,  but  an  instructor  will  lessen  his  own  value  if  he 
scolds  a  man  for  mistakes  which  are  due  to  his  ignorance 
and  inexperience 

(5)  Rapid  fire.  Positions.  Illustrate.  End  up  lecture 
with  sighting  and  snapping  exercises,  kneeling. 

(6)  Rapid  fire.  Precautions.  Time  limit.  Illustrate 
proper  method  of  inserting  clip  and  operating  bolt  to  prevent 
jams.  Caution  the  men  that  only  practice  before  going  to 
range  will  enable  them  to  correctly  time  their  shots  in  rapid 
fire.  Sighting  and  snapping  exercises,  sitting. 

(7)  Zero  of  rifle.  Adjusting  sights.  Explain  carefully 
the  principles  of  sight  setting.  Sighting  and  snapping  ex¬ 
ercise,  simulating  rapid  fire,  sitting. 

(8)  Effect  of  wind.  Minor  effects  of  heat,  light,  etc. 
Exercise  in  adjusting  sights.  In  connection  with  the  ques¬ 
tion  of  sight  setting,  probably  the  best  rule  for  the  average 
man  on  the  range,  in  setting  his  sights  for  any  shot,  is  to 
correct  for  one-half  the  error  of  the  preceding  shot.  Through¬ 
out  the  instruction  course,  it  is  considered  advisable  to 
require  that  the  complete  correction  be  made  each  time. 
End  up  with  sighting  and  snapping  exercises,  rapid  fire, 
sitting. 

(9)  Exercises  in  adjusting  sights.  Collective  and  indi¬ 
vidual  instruction,  illustrated  by  practical  problems.  Sight¬ 
ing  and  snapping  exercises,  rapid  fire,  sitting. 

(10)  Exercises  in  adjusting  sights.  Continue  instruction 
of  previous  lesson.  Sighting  and  snapping  exercises,  rapid 
fire,  prone. 

(11)  Service  in  the  pits.  Explain  the  duties  of  the  pit 
details.  Caution  to  place  center  of  disk  over  shot  hole  in 
marking.  Sighting  and  snapping  exercises,  rapid  fire,  prone. 


62 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL — VIII. 


(12)  Use  of  score  book.  All  men  should  be  required  to 
use  the  score  book.  Johnston’s  score  book  is  recommended. 
Sighting  and  snapping  exercises,  rapid  fire,  prone. 

The  above  course  is  somewhat  brief,  but  it  can  be  made  to 
cover  all  the  essentials  of  the  theory.  The  men  should  be 
encouraged  in  sighting  and  snapping  exercises  at  odd  mo¬ 
ments,  as  before  or  after  drill.  For  this  purpose  put  up  a 
few  miniature  targets  at  convenient  places. 

The  practical  instruction  should  follow  the  same  general 
methods  and  organization  that  are  used  in  the  theoretical 
instruction.  Throughout  this  part  of  the  course  the  in¬ 
structors  should  always  watch  carefully  for  faults  in  holding, 
breathing,  etc.  The  men  should  fire  with  deliberation  in 
slow  fire.  Even  in  rapid  fire  sufficient  time  should  be  taken 
to  steady  the  rifle  before  each  shot. 

The  following  should  be  included  in  the  practical  in¬ 
struction  : 

(1)  Sighting  exercises.  Use  some  of  the  methods  pre¬ 
scribed  in  the  manual  to  determine  that  each  man  has  a 
practical  understanding  of  the  principles  of  sighting. 

(2)  Triangles.  As  prescribed  in  manual.  Minimum  of 
three  per  man.  Additional  triangles  to  determine  error 
where  triangles  are  poor. 

(3)  Hollifield  dotter.  Have  each  man  simulate  rifle 
known  distance  course.  Watch  position,  etc. 

(4)  Gallery  range.  Have  each  man  simulate  marksman 
course.  Some  gallery  rifles  are  not  accurate.  A  good 
group  of  shots  is  as  satisfactory  as  a  good  score.  Watch 
position,  etc.  Use  sling  properly,  although  improper  use 
will  not  affect  results  as  much  as  on  the  range,  where  the 
kick  of  the  rifle  is  much  greater. 

(5)  Range  •  practice.  Instructors  should  assist  men  as 
much  as  possible  in  the  preliminary  practice,  watching  to  see 
that  they  use  correct  methods,  and  attempting  to  locate  the 
trouble  when  the  scores  are  not  good. 

Method  of  instruction,  pistol:  Methods  of  rifle  training 
apply  to  the  pistol  with  some  very  self-evident  modifications. 

Steps  in  training:  (1)  Nomenclature  and  care  of  pistol. 

(2)  Methods  of  holding  and  aiming. 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


63 


(3)  Practice  slow  fire. 

(4)  Practice  rapid  fire 

(5)  Practice  quick  fire. 

(6)  Record  practice. 

59.  B-4-c.  Bayonet  combat  and  trench  or  close  combat. — 
Texts:  Manual  of  the  Bayonet  and  Engineer  Field  Manual. 

Purpose:  Due  to  the  nature  of  the  duties  which  Engineer 
troops  must  perform,  they  will  not  infrequently  be  called  on 
to  defend  themselves  or  assault  with  the  bayonet  or  some 
form  of  trench  weapon.  This  instruction  is  to  insure  success 
to  the  soldier  in  such  combats. 

Equipment:  The  company  is  furnished  with  fencing  rifles 
and  bayonets,  but  if  these  should  not  be  supplied  a  pole  of 
the  correct  length  and  weight  will  answer  the  purpose 
equally  well.  The  end  should  be  suitably  padded  and  pro¬ 
tected  to  prevent  injury  to  the  fencers.  Masks  are  pro¬ 
vided  and  should  be  used  invariably.  Hand  grenades,  bombs, 
etc.,  will  be  obtained  from  the  supply  officer.  For  instruc¬ 
tion  in  throwing  them  trenches  should  be  prepared  and  ser¬ 
vice  conditions  should  be  approximated  as  nearly  as  possible. 
Stones,  cans,  etc.,  can  be  advantageously  used  for  drill  pur¬ 
poses  in  lieu  of  the  actual  missiles. 

Method  of  instruction:  The  course  of  instruction  in  bayo¬ 
net  fighting  teaches  the  mechanical  movements  which  one 
must  learn  to  do  subconsciously  and  then  endeavors  to  give 
the  bout  some  of  the  aspects  which  a  true  combat  possesses. 
A  certain  amount  of  strength  and  agility  are  necessary  to  a 
good  bayonet  fighter,  and  too  much  emphasis  can  not  be 
laid  on  nice  execution  of  the  foot  movements,  the  various 
thrusts  and  lunges.  This  work  requires  careful  attention  and 
supervision  by  the  instructors.  For  this  reason  the  squads 
should  be  small  if  efficient  instruction  is  to  be  obtained. 

In  the  following  schedule,  every  effort  should  be  made  to 
introduce  competition  among  the  men,  squads,  and  platoons. 
Bayonet  fencing  is  an  exciting  sport  and  instructors  should 
take  care  not  to  turn  it  into  a  calisthenic  drill.  As  long  as 
its  true  nature  is  maintained  there  will  be  no  trouble  in 
obtaining  good  results.  Lack  of  progress  on  the  part  of  the 
men  shows  a  lack  of  zeal  in  the  instructors. 


64 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL — VIII. 


Steps  in  training  (bayonet) :  (1)  Instruction  without  rifle, 
Part  I,  Bayonet  Manual. 

(2)  Instruction  with  rifle  with  and  without  bayonet,  Parts 
II,  III,  and  IV,  Bayonet  Manual. 

(3)  Fencing  by  direction  of  instructor,  Parts  V  and  VI, 
Bayonet  Manual. 

(4)  Fencing  at  will,  groups  of  two,  Part  VII,  Bayonet 
Manual. 

(5)  Squad  and  platoon  fencing  on  even  and  varied  ground. 
Attack  and  defense  of  trenches. 

(6)  Use  of  regulation  bayonet.  Attack  on  dummies 
placed  in  different  positions.  The  dummies  should  be  placed 
erect  (swung  from  poles  like  football  dummies),  prone  on 
level  ground,  and  prone  on  uneven  ground.  The  object  of 
this  drill  is  to  put  life  into  the  movements  and  to  demon¬ 
strate  the  necessary  force  required  to  cause  the  bayonet  to 
pierce  the  object  attacked,  the  difficulty  of  extracting  the 
bayonet  after  a  touch,  and  other  difficulties  encountered  in 
actual  combat. 

Steps  in  training  (bomb  and  grenade  throwing) :  (1) 
Physical  exercises  in  throwing  at  targets  on  even  ground  and 
from  trenches  or  into  trenches. 

(2)  Description  of  grenades,  fuzing,  effects.  Bombs  and 
grenades  containing  the  caps  without  the  charge  should  be 
used  before  service  weapons  are  issued.  Attacks  on  dum¬ 
mies  in  trenches.  Ordnance  pamphlets,  pages  XXXII  and 
XXXIII  (Addenda  Engineer  Field  Manual,  1916). 

Asphyxiating  gas:  No  authoritative  data  on  this  subject 
is  available  (Addenda  Engineer  Field  Manual,  1916,  pp. 
XXXV  and  XXXVI).  As  soon  as  data  are  available,  this 
very  important  detail  of  trench  warfare  should  be  thoroughly 
investigated. 

60.  B~4~d.  First  aid,  hygiene ,  and  litter  drill.—  Texts: 
Military  Hygiene  (Ashburn),  and  Soldiers’  Handbook. 

Purpose:  The  training  in  these  subjects  aims  to  give 
enough  knowledge  of  the  principles  of  hygiene  to  enable  the 
soldier  to  realize  the  purpose  of  the  various  sanitary  pre¬ 
cautions  taken,  their  importance  and  the  necessity  for  their 
observance.  The  first-aid  and  litter  drills  should  give  the 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


65 


participants  a  thorough  understanding  of  the  most  approved 
methods  of  caring  for  wounded  in  so  far  as  such  duty  falls 
to  line  troops. 

Equipment:  Each  company  is  provided  with  a  litter. 
The  first-aid  drill  packet  should  be  obtained  from  the 
surgeon.  If  these  are  not  available,  the  issue  packet  should 
be  used  or  bandages  of  the  proper  size  should  be  obtained 
from  the  surgeon. 

Method  of  instruction:  The  course  in  hygiene  should  be 
given  first.  This  should  be  given  by  the  surgeon  or  by  one 
of  his  assistants  who  is  a  good  lecturer.  The  course  in  first 
aid  and  litter  drills  should  first  be  given  by  the  surgeons  to 
the  company  officers  and  by  them  to  their  organizations. 

Steps  in  training :  (1)  Hygiene — 

First  lecture:  Personal  hygiene  dealing  especially  with 
care  of  feet,  size  of  shoes,  clean  underwear,  care  of  teeth,  etc. 

Second  lecture :  Venereal  diseases.  Venereal  prophylaxis, 
necessity  for,  and  efficacy. 

Third  lecture:  Camp  diseases  and  epidemics,  means  of 
prevention. 

( а )  Water-borne  diseases:  Description  of  use  of  Lister 
water  bag  and  Darnel  filter ;  necessity  for  boiling  water  con¬ 
taining  magnesium  or  other  substances  which  will  combine 
with  and  render  inert  the  purifying  compound  furnished  for 
the  Lister  bag.  The  talk  should  include  a  description  of 
water  which  may  or  may  not  be  drunk  with  safety. 

(б)  Insect-borne  diseases:  Fly,  mosquito,  lice,  etc. 

(c)  Contact  or  human  carrier  diseases. 

These  lectures  should  be  given  to  groups  of  not  over  350 
men  (two  companies).  Every  man  in  the  regiment,  includ¬ 
ing  all  officers,  should  be  required  to  attend  each  lecture. 
The  lectures  should  avoid  technicalities  and  should  be  given 
in  such  a  way  as  to  be  understood  by  those  of  least  educa¬ 
tion  and  understanding.  The  fact  that  the  success  of  all 
undertakings  will  depend  on  the  health  of  the  command 
must  be  impressed  on  the  audience. 

(2)  Practical  instruction  of  the  company  officers  in  first 
aid  and  litter  drill  by  the  surgeon  and  sanitary  troops, 

104121—17 - 5 


66 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


(3)  Instruction  of  the  companies  in  these  drills  by  their 
officers.  The  Soldiers’  Handbook  contains  the  subject  mat¬ 
ter  to  be  taught  in  these  drills. 

61.  B-Jf-e.  Tent  pitching  and  individual  cooking. — Text: 
Infantry  Drill  Regulations. 

Purpose:  Upon  the  completion  of  this  training,  the  regi¬ 
ment  should  be  able  to  pitch  all  kinds  of  tents  furnished  it, 
in  the  most  efficient  and  expeditious  manner. 

All  members  of  the  command  should  be  able  to  cook  the 
reserve  ration  and  such  parts  of  the  field  ration  as  can  be 
handled  in  the  individual  mess  kits. 

Equipment:  Company  and  individual  equipment.  Ra¬ 
tions  to  be  drawn  by  the  regimental  supply  officer. 

Method  of  training:  Instruction  in  tent  pitching  should 
be  given  by  platoon.  As  soon  as  the  members  of  the  pla¬ 
toons  have  learned  their  duties  the  company  will  be  united 
for  purposes  of  competition  under  the  immediate  super¬ 
vision  of  the  captain. 

Cooking  will  be  taught  by  platoons. 

Number  of  platoons  for  both  kinds  of  training  is  three. 

Steps  in  training:  (1)  Shelter  tents:  Each  lieutenant, after 
having  caused  his  platoon  to  take  intervals  preparatory  to 
pitching  tents,  will  cause  one  file  to  step  to  the  front,  where 
the  men  can  be  seen  by  ail  in  ranks.  He  will  then  give  the 
commands  for  pitching  tents  and  go  through  the  operations 
one  by  one,  using  the  file  out  of  ranks  for  demonstration. 

When  they  have  a  fairly  good  grasp  of  the  subject,  he  will 
begin  to  keep  time  on  the  various  squads,  always  announcing 
the  time  and  the  first  squad  through.  In  no  case  will  he 
,  allow  a  tent  with  a  sagging  ridge,  or  otherwise  badly  con¬ 
structed,  to  stand. 

After  all  the  platoons  are  fairly  competent,  the  company 
will  be  united.  The  captain  will  then  keep  time  on  the 
platoons.  Competition  is  a  great  stimulus  in  this  kind  of 
work. 

(2)  Similar  methods  with  pyramidal  tents. 

(3)  Pitching  wall  tents. 

(4)  Cooking:  The  lieutenants  assemble  their  platoons^and 
give  a  short  talk  on  the  different  kinds  of  rations,  where  pro- 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


67 


cured,  when  eaten,  etc.  The  captain  assigns  the  mess  ser¬ 
geant  to  one  platoon  and  a  cook  to  each  of  the  others. 

(a)  Fires.  Materials  for  making  and  lighting  fires,  shelter¬ 
ing  them  from  wind  and  rain.  This  is  made  the  subject  of  a 
demonstration  by  the  lieutenants. 

(b)  Reserve  ration.  How  cooked — demonstrated  by  the 
cooks. 

(c)  Cooking  reserve  ration  by  men. 

(d)  Further  demonstration  and  practice  with  components 
of  field  ration. 

(e)  Cleaning  and  care  of  mess  kits — talk  and  demonstra¬ 
tion  by  the  lieutenants. 

[Note. — Men  should  be  allowed  no  luncheon  except  that  of  their  cooking  on  these 
days.  Drill  grounds  should  be  scrupulously  policed.] 

62.  B-4-f-  Company  on  service  of  security. — Texts:  In¬ 
fantry  Drill  Regulations  and  Field  Service  Regulations. 

Purpose:  As  a  general  rule,  engineers  will  not  be  called  on 
to  furnish  their  own  security.  When  this  does  occur,  how¬ 
ever,  they  should  be  skilled  in  patroling,  advanced  guard, 
and  outpost  duty.  Interior  guards  are  dealt  with  in  another 
section  of  the  Manual. 

It  is  to  give  the  necessary  skill  mentioned  above  that  this 
training  is  introduced. 

Equipment:  Company  and  individual  equipment. 

Method  of  instruction:  Instruction  will  be  by  company 
under  company  officers  until  the  purpose  and  mechanism  of 
the  formations  are  understood. 

The  companies  will  then  be  combined  to  form  larger  units. 

Steps  in  training. — (1)  Patrolling.  The  company  will  be 
told  the  essentials  of  good  patrolling,  then  divided  into  small 
patrols  and  each  given  a  mission.  Patrol  leaders  must  un¬ 
derstand  the  reasons  for  the  existence  of  their  commands, 
and  have  a  clear  and  definite  idea  of  their  mission.  The  cap¬ 
tains  by  inspection  of  the  patrols,  using  one  against  the  other 
and  examination  of  reports  will  determine  how  well  the  work 
is  being  done. 

(2)  Security  on  the  march.  (Pars.  596-622,  636-660, 
I.  D.  R.  Chapter  on  security,  F.  S.  R.)  No  march  should 


68 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


be  begun  without  assuming  some  tactical  situation.  This 
should  be  explained  to  the  noncommissioned  officers  by  the 
captain  and  they  should  endeavor  to  give  the  men  enough 
detail  to  keep  up  their  interest  in  the  work.  Avoid  giving 
new  formations  and  new  principles  until  those  previously 
given  have  been  assimilated  and  understood. 

(3)  Security  in  camp.  (Pars.  678-707,  I.  D.  It.  Chapter 
on  security,  F.  S.  R.)  The  captain  should  bear  in  mind  that 
the  duties  of  an  outpost  are  to  secure  the  uninterrupted  rest 
of  his  command  and  he  should  make  his  dispositions  accord¬ 
ingly.  While  this  is  practically  impossible  with  a  small  com¬ 
mand  he  should  bend  every  effort  toward  prevention  of  sur¬ 
prise  or  capture. 

(4)  Company  acting  as  part  of  a  larger  body  of  troops. 
The  duties  of  the  company  on  the  march  will  be  regulated,  of 
course,  by  higher  authority.  It  therefore  becomes  the 
company  commander’s  duty  to  apply  the  principles  learned 
in  (1),  (2),  and  (3)  to  the  solution  of  problems  presented  to 
him  by  his  superiors.  It  is  always  best  to  have  an  enemy 
represented  so  that  conditions  of  actual  warfare  may  be  more 
exactly  simulated. 

63.  B-5.  Applicatory  problems  and  tests. — -Texts:  Infantry 
Drill  Regulations  and  Service  Schools’  Publications. 

Purpose:  This  training  is  to  give  a  few  practical  applica¬ 
tions  of  the  principles  set  forth  in  B-4-f. 

Equipment;  Company  and  individual  equipment. 

Method  of  instruction:  The  company  will  first  be  divided 
into  small  groups  for  the  solution  of  the  simpler  problems. 
These  will  be  combined  later  for  the  solution  of  platoon  and 
company  problems.  The  instructor  will  first  explain  the 
problems  for  the  day  and  by  inspection  of  the  parties  and 
their  reports  complete  the  instruction. 

The  enemy  is  to  be  represented  and  the  troops  are  to  be 
used  against  one  another  whenever  practicable. 

Steps  in  training:  (1)  Small  patrols,  2  to  8  men.  Engi¬ 
neer  reconnaissance. 

(a)  Against  railroad:  To  determine  best  method  of  put¬ 
ting  same  out  of  action.  Exact  location  of  bridges,  cul¬ 
verts,  switches,  etc. 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


69 


( b )  Against  groups  of  buildings:  Number  and  location, 
whether  or  not  they  should  be  occupied  and  improved  for 
defense. 

(c)  Against  canal  or  water  course:  Inundation  of  sur¬ 
rounding  land.  Location  of  locks  and  dams. 

(2)  Small  patrols,  2  to  8  men.  Tactical  reconnaissance. 

(a)  Defensive  position:  Pick  out  and  locate. 

( b )  Offensive  position:  Pick  out  and  locate. 

(c)  River  crossing:  Pick  several  out  with  reference  to 
assumed  position  of  the  enemy. 

(d)  Mountain  pass:  Locate  line  of  advance. 

(e)  Occupation  of  wood:  Method  of  attack  to  be  deter¬ 
mined. 

(3)  Large  patrols,  platoon.  Same  as  above  in  (1)  and 

(2),  using  larger  area. 

(4)  Advance  guard:  For  single  company;  for  larger  unit 
to  include  regiment. 

(5)  Flank  guard :  Same  as  for  (4) . 

(6)  Rear  guard :  Same  as  for  (4) . 

(7)  Outposts:  Small  groups,  pickets,  sentry  squads,  and 
cossack  posts. 

(8)  Organization  of  outpost  supports  and  reserve. 

(9)  Method  of  attack  on  small  town  or  group  of  buildings. 

(10)  Same  as  all  of  above,  giving  drills  at  night. 

64.  B-6.  Ceremonies. — Texts:  Infantry  Drill  Regulations, 
Army  Regulations. 

Purpose :  Ceremonies  are  of  value  chiefly  in  that  they  give 
higher  commanders  an  insight  into  the  discipline  of  the 
organization.  A  further  purpose  is  that  they  allow  the  men 
to  see  what  they  themselves  can  do  in  marching  and  what 
other  companies  can  do,  and  thus  promote  esprit  de  corps. 

Equipment:  Individual  and  company  equipment,  colors. 

Method  of  instruction:  The  ceremonies  should  first  be 
tried  at  drill  without  music,  and  when  the  formations  are 
understood,  at  the  proper  time  with  the  band. 

Steps  in  training:  (1)  Battalion  parade. 

(2)  Battalion  review. 

(3)  Regimental  parade. 

(4)  Regimental  review. 


70 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL — VIII. 


(5)  One  escort  to  the  color  may  be  substituted  for  a 
parade  at  the  discretion  of  the  colonel. 

65.  B-7 .  Mounted  drill  and  care  of  animals  for  mounted  sec¬ 
tions. — Text:  Cavalry  Drill  Regulations. 

Purpose:  The  object  of  this  drill  is  to  make  the  individual 
a  good  military  horseman  (par.  175,  C.  D.  R.  except  par.  d) 
and  the  platoon  an  exceptionally  mobile  unit  which  will  be 
able  to  execute  Engineer  works  at  a  distance  with  the  great¬ 
est  dispatch.  The  platoon  should  be  schooled  in  combina¬ 
tion  with  those  from  not  over  three  other  companies  in  troop 
movements,  so  that  when  they  are  combined  for  Engineer 
operations  the  units  will  be  able  to  operate  efficiently  and 
without  confusion. 

Equipment:  Company  and  individual  equipment. 

Method  of  instruction:  The  special  instructor  in  charge  of 
mounted  work  will  be  selected  with  reference  to  his  qualifi¬ 
cations  and  particularly  his  interest  in  such  duty.  An  ex¬ 
perienced  instructor  without  enthusiasm  is  not  so  good  as 
one  with  less  experience  but  more  enthusiasm  for  the  work. 

In  addition  to  the  work  mentioned  above,  the  platoon 
should  receive  instruction  in  the  pistol  attack,  dismounted 
action,  and  the  service  of  security  and  information. 

On  being  assigned  to  this  work  every  officer  should  obtain 
from  the  Army  Service  School  Press  a  copy  of  the  1917  In¬ 
struction  in  Equitation.  This  contains  many  valuable  sug¬ 
gestions  which  will  be  followed  during  the  preliminary  train¬ 
ing  and  in  the  school  of  the  troops.  Instructors  will  study 
and  comply  with  the  provisions  of  paragraphs  4  and  5, 
C.  D.  R.  Their  attention  is  also  directed  to  paragraphs  11, 
12,  14,  16,  17,  18,  20,  22-31,  such  parts  of  paragraphs  34-50 
as  relate  to  mounted  drill.  Every  horseman  and  every  horse 
will,  of  course,  require  special  treatment,  but  wide  departures 
from  the  Equitation  Manual  and  Drill  Regulations  wili  not 
be  countenanced.  Sections  are  to  be  combined  so  that  they 
will  all  receive  instruction  from  the  best  instructor  in  the 
battalion. 

Instruction  at  stables:  The  officer  in  each  platoon  should 
give  an  informal  10-minute  talk  before  stables  each  day  on 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


71 


one  of  the  subjects  given  below.  He  should  encourage 
questions  both  before  and  after  feeding  and  grooming  but 
not  while  these  duties  are  being  performed.  Whenever  any 
ailment  is  found  among  the  horses,  he  should  explain  the 
cause,  nature,  remedy,  and  methods  of  preventing  same.  He 
should  not  permit  questions  on  subjects  other  than  those 
relating  to  the  care  and  treatment  of  horses  and  their  equip¬ 
ment.  The  talks  should  be  continued  until  they  are  mani¬ 
festly  unnecessary. 

Steps  in  training:  Sequence  of  talks  at  stables.  (1) 
Conformation  and  points  of  the  horse. 

(2)  Rules  for  the  care  of  the  horse  (par.  966,  C.  D.  R.) 
will  be  posted  in  stables  until  understood  by  all  concerned. 

(3)  Necessity  for  good  stable  management  and  careful 
grooming. 

(4)  Feeding  and  watering  in  camp  and  on  the  march. 

(5)  Minor  ailments,  how  prevented  and  cured. 

Sequence  of  drills: 1  (1)  School  of  the  trooper,  mounted, 

C.  D.  R.  paragraphs  172-320.  (Follow  schedules  in  pars. 
176-223;  268-300.)  Devote  a  part  of  every  drill  period  to 
this  school.  For  the  first  two  periods  nothing  else  should  be 
taught.  For  the  next  two,  one-half  the  period  should  be. 
devoted  to  this  end  and  one-half  to  the  school  of  the  squad 

(2)  School  of  squad.  Part  II,  third  and  fourth  periods  and 
in  succeeding  ones  in  so  much  as  the  squad  movements  are 
incorporated  in  platoon  movements. 

(3)  Platoon  and  troop  drill,  Part  III.  Throughout  re¬ 
maining  periods  troop  drill  should  be  given  a  part  of  a  period 
as  often  as  the  senior  battalion  instructor  deems  advisable. 

C.  General  service  training  schools. 

66.  C-l.  Mess  sergeants’  and  cooks’  school. — Texts:  Army 
Cooks’  Manual;  Army  Bakers’  Manual;  Mess  Sergeants’ 
Handbook;  Army  Regulations;  Blank  Forms;  Handling 
Straight  Army  Ration;  Mess  Account  Book  (Frink). 

1  For  mounted  battalions  the  drills  will  be  modified  by  beginning  with  the  foot  movements  prescribed 
an  the  Cavalry  Drill  Regulations.  Mounted  instruction  will  begin,  however,  on  the  day  following  the 
first  dismounted  drill. 


72 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


Purpose:  This  school  is  to  provide  men  who  can  furnish 
the  company  with  well-prepared  and  appetizing  food,  in 
the  most  economical  manner  possible. 

Equipment:  Tent,  company  mess  equipment,  writing 
material,  textbooks. 

Method  of  instruction:  The  instructor  wTill  give  a  talk  ex¬ 
plaining  the  day’s  work  and  then  cause  the  individuals  to 
perform  the  labor. 

Steps  in  training:  (1)  Components  of  ration:  Both  mess 
sergeants  and  cooks  should  be  instructed  in  the  components 
of  the  garrison,  field,  and  emergency  ration  and  the  use  of 
each. 

(2)  Menus:  The  methods  for  preparing  suitable  menus 
should  be  studied.  These  should  provide  a  propeily  varied 
diet  and  the  utilization  of  the  entire  ration  and  requiie  as 
little  additional  subsistence  stores  as  practicable.  The 
question  of  the  quantity  of  supplies  necessary  to  furnish 
meals  in  accordance  with  these  menus,  for  a  given  strength 
of  the  company,  should  also  be  studied. 

(3)  Meats:  Inspection,  butchering,  curing,  storage,  and 
preparation  for  cooking. 

(4)  Vegetables:  Preparation  for  cooking. 

(5)  Breads,  pastry,  and  deserts:  Mixing. 

(6)  Cooking :  A  course  in  practical  cooking  should  be  taken 
by  the  cooks  and  closely  followed  by  the  mess  sergeants. 
This  course  should  aim  particularly  to  teach  principles  not 
actually  applied  in  restaurants;  to  avoid  waste;  and  to 
secure  the  proper  degree  of  flavoring,  etc.  The  course 
should  be  conducted  both  with  the  ordinary  field  range  and 
with  the  lightest  type  cooking  equipment  which  it  is  probable 
the  company  may  take  into  the  field.  It  should  also  include 
the  construction  and  operation  of  field  ovens  for  baking 
bread.  Cooking  will  be  studied  in  the  following  order: 

Meats. 

Vegetables. 

Bread,  pastry,  etc. 

(7)  Construction  of  field  ovens.  Brick,  masonry,  and  mud, 

(8)  Kitchen  management.  This  course  should  be  followed 
by  the  mess  sergeant,  and  the  cooks  should  be  instructed  in 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


73 


the  necessary  operations  of  it.  It  should  include  such 
matters  as  instructions  for  kitchen  police,  methods  for  clean¬ 
ing  all  kitchen  ware  and  mess  gear  under  field  conditions, 
and  above  all,  proper  care,  use,  and  cleaning  of  dish  towels. 

(9)  Accounts  and  management.  Mess  sergeants  should  be 
taught  the  proper  methods  of  keeping  their  accounts  and 
how  to  determine  the  funds  probably  available.  In  par¬ 
ticular  they  must  be  impressed  with  the  importance  of  accu¬ 
racy  in  keeping  accounts,  of  cooperation  in  the  kitchen  per¬ 
sonnel,  and  of  cooperation  with  the  company  commander. 
They  should  also  be  instructed  as  to  their  responsibility  con¬ 
cerning  the  proper  cooking  and  serving  of  food. 

67.  C-2.  First  sergeants’  and  clerks’  school. — Texts:  Books 
of  record  in  company  office;  forms  given  in  Appendix  2  of 
this  Manual. 

Purpose :  This  school  is  intended  to  minimize  the  errors  in 
official  correspondence,  to  insure  proper  and  prompt  trans¬ 
mission  of  orders,  proper  posting,  filing,  and  keeping  of 
official  records,  orders,  and  correspondence,  and,  in  short,  to 
produce  efficient  office  work. 

Equipment:  The  required  blank  forms  will  be  furnished  by 
the  regimental  supply  officer.  Manuals,  regulations,  etc.,, 
will  be  brought  to  class  by  the  students. 

Method  of  instruction :  Instruction  will  cover  first  those  sub¬ 
jects  which  are  common  to  all  offices  in  the  regiment  and  then 
proceed  to  matters  handled  only  by  battalion  and  regiment 
headquarters.  Special  stress  will  be  placed  on  field  forms. 

Steps  in  training:  (1)  Lecture  on  necessity  for  keeping 
correspondence,  records,  etc.,  up  to  date  and  according  to 
regulations. 

(2)  Military  correspondence.  Forms  for  letters,  channels 
through  which  they  are  sent,  number  of  copies,  office  marks, 
inclosures. 

(3)  Orders,  special  orders,  general  orders,  field  orders. 
Subject  matter,  form,  how  authenticated,  by  whom  issued, 
to  whom  issued,  numbering. 

(4)  Books  of  record.  Morning  report,  correspondence  book, 
sick  report,  etc.  Files,  purpose,  method  of  keeping,  what  is 
required  to  be  kept  and  for  how  long,  in  each  of  the  offices. 


74 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


(5)  Soldiers’  accounts.  Pay  account,  clothing,  ordnance, 
and  other  property  issued  him.  Pay  rolls. 

(6)  Study  of  Appendix  2  of  this  Manual.  Test  of  knowl¬ 
edge  by  having  students  make  out  all  forms  and  reports 
given  therein.  This  work  should  be  conducted  as  follows: 
Each  class  period  should  be  a  small  edition  of  a  complete 
day’s  work.  The  men  should  be  required  to  start  the  day 
with  sick  and  morning  report,  and  then  the  day’s  corre¬ 
spondence  should  be  given  to  the  first  sergeant  and  he  and 
his  clerks  required  to  handle  it.  Soldiers  will  be  assumed 
to  be  discharged  or  have  charges  preferred  against  them 
under  a  variety  of  hypothetical  circumstances. 

(7)  Instruction  in  keeping  regulations  and  manuals  up  to 
date.  Interpolating  changes  and  additions. 

(8)  Study  in  connection  with  the  above,  and  supplemen¬ 
tary  to  it,  all  paragraphs  of  Army  Regulations,  general 
orders,  etc.,  cited  in  Appendix  2  of  this  Manual. 

68.  C-3.  Supply  sergeants’  school. — Texts:  Army  Regula¬ 
tions;  various  blank  forms  given  in  Appendix  2. 

Purpose:  The  school  must  develop  men  familiar  with 
accountability  and  responsibility  for,  and  the  source,  method 
of  procurement,  transfer,  and  issue  of  property  furnished  for 
the  use  of  the  regiment.  They  should  be  taught  to  care  for, 
make  minor  repairs  to,  and  handle  in  the  most  expeditious 
manner  the  property  in  their  charge. 

Equipment:  Forms  furnished  by  the  regimental  supply 
officer;  regulations  and  manuals  brought  to  class  by  stu¬ 
dents. 

Method  of  training:  The  instructor  should  explain  meth¬ 
ods  and  forms  and  then  require  the  students  to  fill  them  in. 

He  should  pay  particular  attention  to  the  method  of  keep¬ 
ing  track  of  property.  He  must  impress  on  the  students 
the  necessity  for  keeping  an  abstract  of  memorandum  re¬ 
ceipts  and  property  account  up  to  date.  He  must  show  that 
this  is  necessary,  particularly  where  quick  and  frequent 
transfers  of  property  are  taking  place,  as  in  war  time. 

The  supply  sergeant  should  be  able  to  tell  the  exact  loca¬ 
tion  of  every  article  for  which  he  is  responsible. 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


75 


In  the  field  his  duties  will  be  these  of  a  construction  store¬ 
keeper. 

Steps  in  training:  (1)  Source.  Division  of  property  into 
classes — Engineer,  Ordnance,  Quartermaster,  and  Signal. 
Outline  of  the  class  of  property  furnished  by  each.  (See 
Appendix  1  for  publications  giving  lists  of  property.)  Ex¬ 
plain  what  is  to  be  obtained  from  regimental  supply  officer 
and  the  various  depots  and  officers  from  whom  he  obtains 
his  supplies. 

(2)  Method  of  procurement.  Requisitions,  ration  and 
forage  returns,  informal  requests. 

(3)  Accountability  and  responsibility.  Remember  that 
under  the  new  system  the  regimental  supply  officer  is  che 
only  accountable  officer  in  the  regiment.  All  others  hold 
their  property  from  him  on  memorandum  receipt.  Explain 
difference  between  an  invoice  and  memorandum  receipt;  be¬ 
tween  nonexpendable  and  expendable  property;  howr  prop¬ 
erty  can  be  dropped;  relief  from  accountability  and  respon¬ 
sibility.  (Inspector,  boards  of  survey,  etc.)  Outline  sys¬ 
tem  of  returns,  invoices,  and  receipts  in  different  depart¬ 
ments.  Call  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  Quartermaster 
keeps  a  running  account,  whereas  the  other  departments 
close  theirs  semiannually.  (Appendices  1  and  2.)  Explain 
the  system  of  keeping  the  soldiers’  individual  accounts 
(Forms,  Appendix  2),  and  what  is  done  when  he  loses  or 
destroys  some  of  his  equipment  or  damages  Government 
property. 

(4)  Transfer  and  issue  of  property. 

(a)  By  regimental  supply  officer.  By  invoice  and  receipt. 
By  memorandum  receipt. 

( b )  By  company  clerk.  On  memorandum  receipt. 

(5)  Blank  forms  (Appendix  2).  Number  of  copies,  desti¬ 
nation  of  each,  how  many  signed,  where  filed. 

(a)  Returns. 

(b)  Property  accounts. 

(c)  Invoices. 

(d)  Receipts. 

( e )  Requests. 


76 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


(6)  Method  of  issue,  practical.  Do  not  wait  until  a  detail 
arrives  before  unloading  tool  wagons.  Have  tools  in  piles 
ready  for  issue  to  prevent  confusion.  Put  a  man  in  charge 
of  each  tool  wagon.  Explain  care  of  tools  and  equipment 
and  how  to  make  minor  repairs.  Particular  attention  must 
be  paid  to  field  and  campaign  conditions. 

69.  C~4-  Stable  sergeants’ and  farriers’ school. — Tests:  Cav¬ 
alry  Drill  Regulations;  The  Army  Horse  in  Accident  and 
Disease.  In  addition  to  the  above  Government  publications, 
Carter’s  Horses,  Saddles,  and  Bridles,  and  Marshall’s  Hip- 
pology  are  valuable. 

Purpose :  This  school  is  to  develop  men  fitted  to  cope  with 
the  regular  routine  and  problems  which  arise  in  the  care  and 
treatment  of  horses  and  mules. 

Equipment:  Company  equipment. 

Method  of  instruction:  A  short  talk  on  the  scope  of  the 
day’s  work  will  be  followed  by  practical  demonstrations. 
The  stable  sergeant  should  be  able  to  perform  every  duty 
devolving  on  a  member  of  the  mounted  section  better  than 
any  man  in  it.  The  instructor  should,  therefore,  lay  par¬ 
ticular  stress  on  the  actual  doing  of  the  work.  After  the 
talk  the  class  will  be  divided  into  groups  of  two  or  three 
men  and  assigned  to  tasks  which  will  be  performed  by  the 
individuals  in  rotation. 

The  instruction  will  be  given  at  the  company  stables  in 
rotation,  so  that  the  students  will  become  familiar  with  the 
cleanliness  and  management  of  stables  belonging  to  other 
organizations  and  with  a  large  number  of  horses. 

Steps  in  training:  (1)  Stable  management.  Arrangement 
of  animals,  feed,  and  equipment;  administration  and  disci¬ 
pline;  guard  and  orderlies;  forage  returns  and  daily  reports. 

(2)  Feeding,  watering,  and  bedding:  How  to  select  good 
oats  and  grain;  best  kinds  of  hay,  how  distinguished;  when 
and  how  much  to  feed;  corn  as  a  substitiue  for  oats;  when 
to  water;  change  of  bedding,  when  allowed  (particular  atten¬ 
tion  to  march  conditions) . 

(3)  Grooming  and  general  care  of  animals:  Use  of  comb, 
cloth,  and  brush,  horse  covers;  what  to  do  when  overheated, 
etc.;  rules  to  be  observed  while  grooming. 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII.  77 

(4)  Anatomy.  Points  and  conformation. 

(5)  Anatomy — 

Skeleton. 

Muscles. 

Breathing  apparatus. 

Circulatory  apparatus. 

Digestive  apparatus. 

Nervous  system. 

Head. 

Feet. 

Back. 

Coat,  care  of,  etc. 

(6)  Medicines  and  bandages.  Nomenclature  and  appli¬ 
cation. 

(7)  Simpler  diseases.  Sores  and  sprains,  treatment. 

(8)  Serious  diseases.  Symptoms  and  first  aid.  When  to 
call  veterinary. 

(9)  Leather.  Care  and  repair  of  equipment,  location  of 
spare  parts. 

(10)  Saddles  and  bridles.  Fitting  saddles,  bridles,  and 
bits. 

(11)  Wagons.  Greasing,  improvised  jacks;  repairing  and 
replacing  broken  parts;  source  of  spare  parts;  equipment 
carried  on  wagons. 

(12)  Picket  lines.  Location,  erection,  ditching  and  eleva¬ 
tion  in  wet  ground,  police,  burning  and  other  sanitary 
measures. 

(13)  Disposal  of  ordure,  cremation  of  waste,  exchange  to 
farmers  for  mess  stores,  etc. 

70.  C-5.  Packers ’  school. — Texts:  Engineer  Field  Manual 
and  Addenda,  -  1916;  Manual  of  Pack  Transportation;  The 
Army  Horse  in  Accident  and  Disease. 

Purpose:  This  instruction  is  to  enable  the  pack  train  to 
deliver  its  load  at  the  point  needed,  at  the  proper  time  and 
in  good  condition. 

Equipment:  Company  equipment.  Note  that  eight  mules 
and  aparejos  are  provided  and  only  five  Engineer  packs. 
The  three  extra  mules  are  for  carrying  grain  or  unusual  sup¬ 
plies  and  equipment. 


78 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL — VIII. 


The  McClellan  saddle  can  be  used  for  packing  light  loads 
and  with  a  little  care  it  will  give  very  efficient  service. 

Special  pack  devices  will  be  found  in  Chapter  VIII,  Manual 
of  Pack  Transportation. 

Methods  of  instruction:  During  steps  1  to  8  the  class  will 
first  be  given  a  short  talk  on  the  subject  of  the  day’s  work 
and  then  be  assigned  to  tasks  and  animals  in  groups  of  two 
men.  During  the  remainder  of  the  course  the  instruction 
will  be  by  groups,  each  composed  of  a  company  pack  section. 
The  lieutenants  in  command  of  the  mounted  sections  should 
be  present  whenever  possible. 

Steps  in  training :  ( 1)  Conformation,  grooming,  use  of  comb, 
cloth,  and' brush. 

(2)  Simpler  ailments  of  mules.  Symptoms  and  first  aid 
for  more  serious  troubles;  when  to  call  farrier  and  veterinary. 

(3)  Picket  lines  and  picketing.  How  erected,  drainage 
and  police. 

(4)  Aparejos,  bridles,  and  halters.  Nomenclature,  descrip¬ 
tion,  how  fitted;  saddling  up;  cause  of  bunches  and  saddle 
sores;  how  avoided. 

( 5)  Ropes  and  Engineer  packs.  Coiling,  splicing,  and  lash¬ 
ings.  Loading  Engineer  packs. 

(6)  Grain  loads:  throwing  double  hitch. 

(7)  Miscellaneous  loads:  picks,  shovels,  bars,  rations,  etc. 

(8)  Special  devices.  McClellan  saddle,  saw  buck  saddle. 

(9)  Organization  of  train.  Duties  of  packers  on  march 
and  in  camp. 

(10)  Review  of  (6),  (7),  and  (8). 

(11)  Short  marches.  These  are  especially  valuable,  as  the 
packers’  mistakes  become  very  apparent,  slipshod  lashings 
give  way,  and  the  effects  of  poor  and  unequal  loads  become 
evident. 

(12)  Care,  repair,  and  construction  of  saddles,  etc.  Par¬ 
ticular  attention  should  be  paid  to  proper  methods  of  stuffing 
aparejos. 

71.  C-6.  School  for  buglers  and  orderlies. —  Visual  signal¬ 
ing. — Texts:  Infantry  Drill  Regulations;  Cavalry  Drill  Reg¬ 
ulations;  Uniform  Regulations. 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


791 


Purpose:  This  school  must  turn  out  musicians  able  to 
sound  the  service  and  special  calls,  and  to  send  and  receive 
messages  efficiently  by  the  means  furnished  the  company  and 
provided  for  in  the  Infantry  Drill  Regulations. 

Equipment:  Company  equipment. 

Method  of  instruction :  Instruction  is  given  by  the  sergeant 
bugler  under  the  supervision  of  an  officer  specially  qualified 
in  these  subjects.  All  buglers  in  the  regiment  and  two- 
alternates  from  each  company  will  attend  the  school. 

Part  of  the  drill  period  will  be  devoted  to  music  and  part 
to  signaling.  Instruction  in  work  as  orderly  will  be  obtained 
by  informal  talks  on  military  courtesy,  soldierly  bearing, 
insignia  of  rank,  and  procedure  to  gain  admittance  to  various 
offices. 

Steps  in  training:  (1)  Wigwag.  Alphabet. 

(2)  Wigwag.  Sending  and  receiving;  numbers  and  special 
signals. 

(3)  Semaphore.  Alphabet. 

(4)  Semaphore.  Sending  and  receiving;  numbers  and 
special  signals. 

The  following  should  be  given  at  the  same  time  as  the  signal 
training : 

(1)  Instruction  in  method  of  blowing  a  trumpet,  breathing 
and  position  of  lips. 

(2)  Service  calls.  (C.  D.  R.,  par.  994;  C.  D.  R.,  par.  996.) 

Alarm  calls.  (C.  D.  R.,  par.  993.) 

(3)  Drill  and  field  calls  C.  D.  R.,  paragraphs  996,  995. 

Musicians  should  be  required  to  study  the  signal  codes 

outside  of  drill  hours. 

72.  C-7.  Horseshoers ’  and  saddlers’  schools. — Text:  The 
Army  Horseshoer. 

Purpose:  This  school  should  provide  enough  men  to  keep 
the  animals  of  the  regiment  properly  shod  and  the  horse 
equipment  in  good  repair. 

Equipment:  Battalion  and  company  blacksmith  and  horse 
shoeing  outfits  and  the  company  saddler’s  outfit. 

Method  of  instruction:  The  class  should  be  divided  into 
two  groups,  horseshoers  in  one  and  saddlers  in  the  other. 


•80 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


Instructors  will  first  give  a  talk  on  the  day’s  work  and  then 
require  each  man  to  perform  the  various  operations  required. 

Steps  in  training:  (1)  Horseshoers’  instruction. 

(a)  Tools  and  their  uses.  (Chs.  I  and  II,  Army  Horse- 
shoer.)  The  fire. 

( b )  Working  and  shaping  iron.  A  lead  bar  can  be  used  to 
advantage  in  this  work  to  show  the  forms.  Its  use  will  save 
the  time  ordinarily  taken  in  heating. 

(c)  Anatomy  and  physiology  of  horses’  feet.  (Ch.  IV, 
Army  Horseshoer). 

(d)  Normal  shoeing. 

( e )  Gaits.  Shoeing  to  confirm,  or  alter  same;  faults  in 
gaits;  shoeing  to  correct  same;  making  special  shoes  for  gaits. 

( f )  Diseases  of  the  foot:  Cause,  symptoms,  treatment; 
pathological  shoeing,  making  pathological  shoes. 

(2)  Saddlers’  instruction. 

(a)  Tools  and  their  uses;  leather,  nature,  how  to  tell  good 
from  bad. 

( b )  Splitting  and  cutting,  leather  punches. 

(c)  Use  of  awl,  sewing. 

(d)  Making  simpler  parts  of  equipment,  stirrup  leathers, 
etc.;  riveting. 

(e)  Fitting  leather  over  tree;  working  leather  with  cloth, 
wood,  and  steel. 

D.  General  engineer  training  schools. 

73.  Individual  instruction  in  the  various  schools  (D)  is 
commenced  early  in  the  course  and  continued  until  it  is  about 
over.  All  of  the  men  attend  these  schools. 

In  the  first  assignment  to  classes  it  would  be  web  to  pick 
the  men  for  subjects  analogous  to  their  civil  life  vocation, 
which  would  enable  them  to  become  military  specialists  in  the 
shortest  possible  time.  When  proficiency  has  been  attained, 
transfers  should  be  made  within  each  “  group  ”  of  schools,  and 
if  possible  each  man  should  be  put  through  at  least  two 
courses,  but  attainment  of  practical  proficiency  shoiud  not  be 
sacrificed  to  this  end.  The  map  reproduction  school  may  be 
continued  indefinitely. 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII.  81 

All  the  companies  should  be  drawn  upon  for  the  necessary 
equipment  for  :hcse  schools,  and  the  first  day’s  work  should 
consist  in  preparing  equipment  for  use  and  in  obtaining  the 
necessary  materials.  One  member  of  each  class  should  be 
detailed  as  property  man  to  assist  the  instructor  in  caring  for 
the  equipment  and  tools.  It  is  suggested  that  a  storage  tent, 
a  hospital  tent,  or  other  shelter  be  provided  for  each  school, 
for  the  storage  of  tools  and  equipment,  and  for  such  work  as 
can  be  conducted  indoors.  These  tents  should  not  be  on  the 
company  streets  but  should  be  within  the  chain  of  sentinels. 
The  schools  should  be  grouped  sufficiently  close  together  to 
enable  easy  supervision  by  the  major  in  charge  of  the  work. 

74.  D-l.  Riggers’  school. — Text:  Engineer  Field  Manual. 

Purpose :  This  school  will  provide  expert  riggers  and  lashers 
for  the  different  companies. 

Equipment:  Company  equipment. 

Method  of  instruction:  The  instructor  will  see  that  each 
man  is  provided  with  a  piece  of  three-quarter  inch  rope  of 
sufficient  length  and  the  necessary  number  of  spars.  He  will 
give  demonstrations  of  the  proper  way  to  tie  the  knots  and 
then  walk  among  the  men  giving  aid  and  making  suggestions. 
About  three  or  four  knots  or  lashings  will  be  given  per  day 
and  those  already  covered  will  be  reviewed  until  the  men  are 
expert  in  making  them.  All  these  things  should  be  noticed 
until  the  men  become  so  proficient  as  to  do  the  work  by  force 
of  habit  and  instinct.  The  uses  of  the  various  knots  and 
lashings  should  be  demonstrated  by  the  erection  of  derricks, 
gins,  shears,  pile  drivers,  and  lashed  trestle  bents.  The  lash¬ 
ings  should  be  applied  in  all  sizes.  Application  of  knots  and 
round  bights  should  be  demonstrated  by  the  handling  of  rafts, 
scows,  and  ponton  boats  in  swift  current.  A  good  exercise 
in  speed,  typical  of  methods  which  may  be  adapted  to  other 
subjects,  is  to  give  three  men  a  bit  of  rope  and  have  them 
start  to  walk  away  with  it;  then  require  another  man  to  pick 
up  the  moving  rope,  snub  it,  and  make  it  fast  to  a  post  or 
tree,  the  three  attempting  to  prevent  him  from  doing  so  by 
pulling  on  the  rope.  The  power  of  holdfast  should  be  demon- 
104121— 17 6 


82 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


strated  by  pulling  also.  The  increased  pull  through  the  use 
of  power  should  be  demonstrated. 

Steps  in  training:  (1)  Knots,  page  164,  to  include  “ Crown 
on  wall,”  page  171,  Engineer  Field  Manual. 

(2)  Splices,  pages  170  and  171,  Engineer  Field  Manual. 

(3)  Lashings,  pages  171  and  172,  Engineer  Field  Manual. 

(4)  Blocks  and  tackle,  pages  172  to  176,  Engineer  Field 
Manual. 

75.  D-2.  Ponton  school. — Texts:  Engineer  Field  Manual. 
Ponton  Manual. 

Purpose :  This  school  is  to  develop  expert  lashers  and  men 
who  are  adept  in  loading  and  unloading  ponton  material, 
in  arranging  and  assembling  it,  and  in  launching  boats. 

Equipment:  Ponton  equipment  will  not  always  be  avail¬ 
able.  If  assigned  to  the  regiment  the  division  may  be  given 
to  one  company  or  be  kept  by  the  supply  officer.  In  any 
case,  the  instructor  should  have  such  parts  of  it  as  are  needed 
in  this  training  transferred  to  him  on  memorandum  receipt. 

Method  of  instruction:  The  schedule  given  under  “ Steps 
in  training”  is  for  complete  ponton  training.  This  school, 
aiming  to  give  instruction  in  detail,  should  spend  most  time 
on  steps  1  and  2a.  The  other  steps  belong  more  properly 
to  company  training,  but  should  be  undertaken  if  the 
progress  warrants  it. 

When  the  details  report  to  the  instructor  he  should  com¬ 
bine  them  to  act  as  a  ponton  company.  As  groups  become 
proficient  in  their  duties,  they  should  be  interchanged. 
This  should  be  continued  until  all  are  familiar  with  all  parts 
of  the  drill. 

Steps  in  training :  (1)  Work  on  shore: 

(a)  Loading  and  unloading  equipment.  For  this  purpose 
the  details  from  three  companies  will  be  assigned  to  ponton 
wagons,  those  from  two  companies  to  chess  wagons,  and 
that  from  the  remaining  company  to  a  trestle  wagon. 

( b )  (i)  Erection  of  trestles,  two  companies. 

(ii)  Balk  lashings,  two  companies. 

(iii)  Side-rail  lashings,  two  companies. 

(2)  Work  afloat: 

(a)  The  class  should  be  re-formed  and  divided  according 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


83 


to  the  table  on  page  65  of  the  manual.  The  instructor 
should  then  build  a  bridge  by  successive  pontons.  He 
should  be  on  the  alert  to  assist  and  direct  those  groups 
whose  lack  of  progress  is  holding  up  the  work.  He  should 
cause  these  men  to  repeat  their  tasks  until  they  can  be 
accomplished  with  celerity.  When  all  have  become  familiar 
with  their  duties  the  bridge  should  be  rebuilt.  The  details 
should  then  be  changed  and  the  work  repeated. 

(b)  Construction  of  bridge  by  parts. 

(c)  Construction  of  bridge  by  rafts.  Construction  and 
operation  of  draw. 

(d)  If  site  is  available  the  method  by  conversion  should 
be  attempted. 

76.  D-3.  Rowing  school. — Purpose:  The  single  object  of 
this  school  is  to  develop  men  suitable  for  the  anchor  details 
in  ponton  bridge  work.  They  should  be  schooled  until 
thoroughly  proficient  in  handling  oars  and  paddles,  in  mak¬ 
ing  up  anchor  line,  and  in  mooring  boats  under  the  most 
severe  current  conditions. 

Equipment:  Upon  reporting  for  duty  the  instructor  should 
divide  the  class  into  groups  of  six  and  assign  each  to  a 
ponton  in  charge  of  a  special  instructor. 

Method  of  instruction:  He  will  pursue  the  instruction 
exactly  as  it  is  laid  down  in  the  school  of  the  pontonier 
in  the  manual.  This  can  not  be  improved  on. 

Steps  in  training:  When  the  men  become  adept  in  han¬ 
dling  the  oar,  instruction  in  the  school  of  the  boat  will  be 
given.  When  the  boat  can  be  adeptly  handled,  instruction 
in  mooring  it  in  different  positions  will  be  given.  A  current 
may  be  simulated  by  towing  the  boat.  When  this  has  been 
mastered  instruction  will  be  given  as  follows: 

(1)  Nomenclature  and  use  of  calking  materials  and  tools 
will  be  taught. 

(2)  A  boat  with  open  seams  should  be  given  to  the  students 
and  placed  in  repair  by  them,  each  being  required  to  do  a 
part  of  the  work. 

77.  D~4-  Bridge  carpentry  school. — Texts:  Engineer  Field 
Manual.  Trautwine,  Kidder,  or  other  standard  handbooks. 


84 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


Purpose:  This  school  is  intended  to  develop  men  who  are 
skilled  in  the  carpentry  work  connected  with  construction 
of  trestle  bridges  of  all  kinds  and  heavy  timberwork  con¬ 
nected  with  construction.  They  should  all  be  drilled  in  the 
use  of  the  ax,  adz,  and  crosscut  saw,  should  learn  to  use 
drift  bolts,  and  should  practice  in  laying  out  joints  and  in 
the  methods  of  handling  square  and  round  timbers. 

Equipment:  Company  equipment.  If  on  a  Government 
reservation,  round  timber  can  probably  be  obtained  by  felling 
trees.  If  on  leased  land,  timber  of  all  kinds  will  have  to 
be  obtained  through  the  regimental  supply  officer. 

Method  of  instruction:  Carpenter  squads  should  consist 
of  not  more  than  one  noncommissioned  officer  and  four 
privates.  Work  should  begin  with  scrap  timber.  Full- 
size  timber  should  be  cut  if  available.  The  time  allotted 
to  this  work  is  not  sufficient  to  permit  framing  on  one-half 
or  one-fourth  scale  as  a  preliminary  to  full  scale  work.  If, 
howei^er,  due  to  lack  of  supply,  timber  can  not  be  obtained, 
half-size  work  may  be  done  in  lieu  of  the  full  size. 

Steps  in  training:  (1)  Sharpening  and  putting  in  order  the 
tools ;  sharpening  and  setting  saws,  grinding  axes,  adzes,  etc. ; 
proper  applications  of  carborundum  and  grindstones. 

(2)  Use  of  ax  and  adze:  Felling  and  dressing  of  timber; 
cutting  to  a  line  with  ax  and  adze,  green  and  seasoned  timber. 

(3)  Use  of  saw:  (two-man).  Felling  of  trees;  sawing  to 
a  line ;  sawing  on  the  diagonal  ( one-man) ,  green  and  seasoned 
timber. 

(4)  Joints:  Square  and  bevel ;  miterbox,  scope,  how  made, 
use.  Squares,  try  and  angle. 

(5)  Use  of  augers,  brace  and  bit,  drift  bolts.  Use  of 
hatchet,  hand  ax  and  hammer,  nailing. 

(6)  Pick  out  site  and  take  measurements  for  a  four-post 
trestle  bridge.  Construct  same.  Each  group  should  be 
required  to  construct  at  least  one  trestle  and  part  of  floor 
system.  In  most  cases  and  particularly  with  beginners  it 
will  be  found  advantageous  to  spike  all  heavy  joints  with  a 
few  nails  before  driving  the  drift  pins.  A  much  better  joint 
will  be  secured  in  all  hasty  work  and  in  most  cases  when  the 
work  is  allowed  to  proceed  at  its  ordinary  rate.  The  bridge 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL — VIII. 


85 


is  built  primarily  for  carpenter  work  and  this  should  be 
borne  in  mind.  If  sufficient  timber  is  available  the  pile 
driver  may  be  constructed  at  the  same  time  and  one  or  two 
pile  bents  put  in  the  bridge.  Timbers  should  not  be  large 
enough  to  require  special  rigging  to  handle  them. 

(7)  Explanation  of.  different  parts  of  the  bridge  con¬ 
structed;  necessity  for  side  rails,  bridging,  sway  bracing, 
mud  sill,  batter  posts;  short  talk  on  strength  of  timber, 
best  way  to  utilize  material. 

(8)  Construction  of  field  pile  driver.  (Engineer  Field 
Manual.)  Drive  two  or  three  small  piles. 

(9)  Construct  derrick  from  material  used  in  making  pile 
driver. 

(10)  Construct  and  explain  use  of  a  round  and  a  square 
timber  crib. 

78.  D-5.  Trench  layout  school . — Texts:  Engineer  Field 
Manual  and  addenda. 

Purpose :  The  importance  of  this  branch  of  engineer  train¬ 
ing  can  not  be  emphasized  too  much.  Its  purpose  is  to  de¬ 
velop  noncommissioned  officers  wrho  will  be  able  not  only  to 
indicate  by  unmistakable  means  the  location  of  new  lines 
of  trenches  but  be  able  to  organize  captured  trenches,  shell 
craters,  ditches,  and  houses  in  the  shortest  time  and  in  such 
a  way  as  to  provide  the  best  cover  and  defensive  position 
against  counter  attacks. 

In  addition  to  being  able  to  indicate  the  necessary  work 
the  noncommissioned  officers  should  learn  how  to  make  cor¬ 
rect  estimates  of  the  labor,  material,  and  time  necessary  to 
complete  the  section  which  is  assigned  to  them  or  which  falls 
to  their  lot  in  the  advance. 

They  should  be  taught  the  various  elements  in  a  line  of 
defense  or  offense  and  should  be  able  to  pick  out  the  more 
important  elements  of  such  a  line.  They  should  understand 
the  schemes  for  enlargement  and  improvement  of  a  line  taken 
up  so  that  their  work  will  not  be  rendered  useless  by  subse¬ 
quent  developments. 

Work  should  be  conducted  in  all  kinds  of  weather  and 
some  training  must  be  given  at  night  in  addition  to  that 
prescribed  in  the  schedule. 


86 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


Equipment:  Stakes,  tape,  and  hand  axes  should  be 
brought  by  the  details  from  their  companies. 

Method  of  instruction:  The  work  for  the  day  should  be 
made  the  subject  of  a  short  talk  by  the  instructor.  This 
should  be  followed  by  the  actual  location  of  the  work  on  the 
ground.  Better  progress  will  be  made  if  the  entire  work  is 
laid  out  and  constructed  in  miniature  in  a  sand  box.  The 
men  can  there  see  the  ensemble  and  get  a  better  idea  of 
the  relation  of  the  different  parts  to  each  other. 

Work  should  be  conducted  strictly  in  accordance  with  the 
1916  and  1917  addenda  to  the  Engineer  Field  Manual. 

Steps  in  training:  (1)  Explanation  of  what  is  considered 
the  best  organization  of  trenches  in  the  present  war.  This 
should  include:  Types  of  firing,  cover,  approach  and  com¬ 
municating  trenches;  types  of  shelters;  listening,  observa¬ 
tion,  commanders’,  and  machine-gun  posts;  false  works, 
dummy  trenches,  emplacements,  etc.;  traverses,  attached 
and  detached  (island) ;  cooking  places  and  latrines. 

(2)  Organization  of  supporting  point  for  a  battalion. 
(See  plates  in  addenda.) 

(а)  Fire  trenches,  first. 

(б)  Approach  trenches. 

(c)  Fire  trenches,  second. 

( d )  Approach  trench,  reserve  to  second. 

(e)  Communicating  trenches  to  adjoining  supports. 

(J)  Special  trenches  and  posts. 

(i)  Machine  gun. 

(ii)  Company  commanders’. 

(iii)  Battalion  commander’s. 

(iv)  Listening  or  observing  post. 

(v)  Kitchen. 

(vi)  Latrine. 

(vii)  Indication  of  location  of  dugouts  used  for 
shelters. 

(3)  Organization  of  shell  crater,  of  farm,  of  cut. 

(4)  Organization  of  captured  trenches  for  delivering  fire 
in  opposite  direction.  (Establish  elements  of  line  in  same 
order  as  given  in  (2).) 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


87 


(5)  Artillery  emplacements: 

(а)  Light  mountain  howitzer. 

(6)  Three-inch  field  gun. 

(c)  Heavier  mobile  pieces. 

(d)  Antiaircraft  gun. 

(e)  Aerial  torpedo  guns. 

79.  D-6.  Revetment  school. — Texts:  Engineer  Field  Manual 
and  addenda. 

Purpose:  This  school  will  develop  selected  men  in  the 
methods  used  in  making  ordinary  revetments  and  their  ap¬ 
plication  to  trenches. 

Equipment :  Picks,  shovels,  saws,  machetes,  gabion  knives, 
axes,  wire,  wire  cutters,  and  nails  from  companies.  If 
revetment  material  can  not  be  found  in  sites  it  must  be 
requisitioned  from  the  regimental  supply  officer. 

Method  of  instruction:  Company  details  will  be  kept  dis¬ 
tinct.  Work  will  be  explained  by  the  instructor  and  then 
executed  by  everyone  in  each  group.  The  groups  will  be 
assigned  to  one  of  the  tasks  below  and  will  be  interchanged 
when  they  become  familiar  with  the  work. 

Work  should  be  executed  in  all  kinds  of  soil  available. 
Some  instruction  must  be  given  in  trenches  containing  more 
or  less  water. 

Trenches  dug  during  the  morning  drill  will  be  utilized  as 
far  as  practicable.  In  this  way  the  men  digging  in  the 
trenches  will  be  able  to  observe  the  result  of  the  revetment 
work  as  well. 

Steps  in  training:  (1)  Talk  on  necessity  for  and  applica¬ 
tion  of  revetments  to  trench  walls  and  other  military  works. 

(2)  Sandbag  revetment  and  parapet. 

(3)  Gabion  revetment  and  parapet. 

(4)  Same  with  fascines. 

(5)  Same  with  hurdles. 

(б)  Combination  of  (3),  (4),  and  (5). 

(7)  Wire  revetments. 

(8)  Timber  revetments. 

(9)  Plank  revetments. 

(10)  Revetments  made,  from  miscellaneous  material’ likely 
to  be  present:  Cane,  barrels,  corrugated  and  sheet  iron. 


88 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


(11)  Concrete  revetment. 

(12)  Sod  revetment.  (This  method  is  slow  and  not  satis¬ 
factory  and  little  time  should  be  spent  on  it.) 

Sod  should  be  cut  in  strips,  rolled  up,  spread  out  in  the 
proper  place,  and  cut  to  proper  length.  The  squares  are 
harder  to  cut  and  not  so  satisfactory. 

80.  D-7,  cover  and  accessories  school. — Texts:  Engineer 
Field  Manual  and  addenda,  1916  and  1917. 

Purpose:  This  school  is  to  develop  foremen  able  to  handle 
all  situations  which  may  arise  in  the  construction  of  trenches 
and  cover.  They  should  understand  the  nomenclature  of 
all  special  devices  and  how  to  make  them.  They  should  be 
able  to  organize  and  direct  working  parties  and  to  prepare 
bills  of  material  fot  different  tasks. 

Equipment:  Picks,  shovels,  saws,  squares,  axes,  nails, 
wire,  wire  cutters,  sandbags  from  company;  sheet  iron,  tim¬ 
ber,  and  other  articles  not  pertaining  to  companies  from 
regimental  supply  officer. 

Method  of  instruction:  Small-scale  work  can  be  used  to 
great  advantage  in  this  work,  especially  if  material  is  scarce. 

Before  assigning  a  task  the  instructor  will  explain  typical 
organizations  suitable  for  doing  similar  work  in  large  quan¬ 
tity. 

The  sand  box  offers  a  good  means  for  showing  proper 
coordination  of  work.  Instructors  must  emphasize  the 
necessity  for  careful  organization,  supervision,  and  inspec¬ 
tion  of  work.  It  is  only  in  this  way  that  fast  and  efficient 
work  can  be  done. 

Only  short  sections  of  work  will  be  attempted  until  all 
types  are  thoroughly  understood.  The  relation  of  these  to 
the  general  scheme  of  advance  or  defense  will  be  indicated 
by  their  connection  with  D-5  and  D-6.  The  details  of  con¬ 
struction  must  be  clearly  brought  out  and  understood.  The 
kind  of  timber,  size,  etc.,  necessary  for  the  different  types  of 
construction  must  be  clearly  indicated  and  the  men  given 
practice  in  making  out  bills  of  material  for  different  projects. 

The  work  in  this  school  should  be  conducted  in  connection 
with  D-5  and  D-6  as  far  as  practicable  in  order  that  each 
may  get  the  benefit  of  the  other’s  work.  The  layout  men  will 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


89 


have  the  advantage  of  seeing  their  work  actually  accom¬ 
plished,  and  this  school  will  not  have  to  waste  time  in  prepara¬ 
tion.  This  school  must  be  able  to  recognize  and  execute  the 
work  pertaining  to  all  contemporary  trench  devices. 

Steps  in  training:  (1)  Elements  of  fire  trenches. 

(a)  Head  cover. 

(i)  Loop  holes:  Sandbag,  steel,  wood  and  earth; 

crenelated. 

(ii)  Screens:  Bomb  and  aerial  torpedo  screens. 

( b )  Overhead  cover:  Against  shrapnel;  against  shell  of 
small  caliber. 

(2)  Cover:  Bomb  proof  for  fire  trenches,  including  com¬ 
mander’s  post. 

(3)  Cover:  Bomb-proof  quarters,  kitchens,  latrines. 

(4)  Emplacements:  Machine  guns,  light  mortars,  torpedo 
guns. 

(5)  Observation  stations  and  listening  posts. 

(6)  Alarms:  Whistle  and  bell. 

(7)  Lighting:  Electric,  flares,  star  bombs,  etc. 

(8)  Disposal  of  water. 

(a)  Drains. 

( b )  Sumps. 

81.  D-S.  Obstacle  school. — Texts:  Engineer  Field  Manual 
and  addenda. 

Purpose:  This  school  should  produce  men  skilled  in  the 
construction  and  placing  of  the  various  military  obstacles. 

Equipment:  The  necessary  material  should  be  obtained 
from  the  regimental  supply  officer;  tools  from  the  companies. 

Method  of  instruction :  The  construction  of  obstacles  under 
fire  requires  careful  preparation,  detailed  organization,  and 
men  entirely  familiar  with  this  organization  and  their  indi¬ 
vidual  duties.  Instruction  should  therefore  be  given  as  fol¬ 
lows:  First,  individual  training  in  making  the  obstacles; 
second,  group  work  on  level  ground  in  the  day;  third,  group 
work  at  night. 

Steps  in  training:  (1)  Wire  entanglements  (stake  type): 
Complete  and  detailed  instructions  for  constructing  these  are 
given  in  the  1917  addenda  to  the  Engineer  Field  Manual. 


90 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


Smooth  wire  should  be  used  until  the  details  have  been 
mastered,  when  barbed  wire  should  be  substituted. 

(2)  Sawbuck  and  tripod  types  of  entanglement:  1916  and 
1917  addenda. 

(3)  Brun  spirals  (short  section) . 

(4)  Abatis  and  slashings  (Field  Manual).  This  is  little 
used  and  little  time  should  be  spent  on  it. 

(5)  Easily  moved  obstacles:  Chevaux  de  frise: 

,  (a)  Wood. 

( b )  Wood  and  wire. 

(c)  Iron  or  steel  angles. 

82.  D-9.  Miners ’  and  sappers’  school. — Texts:  Engineer 
Field  Manual  and  addenda. 

Purpose:  This  school  is  to  develop  proficiency  in  driving 
galleries  and  sinking  shafts;  the  use  of  frames  and  sheeting 
and  cases;  mine  ventilation,  and  the  charging  and  firing  of 
mines.  Instruction  will  also  be  given  in  sapping. 

Equipment:  Tools  and  explosives  from  companies;  tim¬ 
ber,  supplies,  and  mechanical  digging  devices  from  regi¬ 
mental  supply  officer. 

Method  of  instruction :  Much  time  can  be  saved  by  merely 
constructing  the  timberwork  for  the  mines  above  ground. 
The  work  can  be  illustrated  with  a  sand  box.  Men  should 
have  experience  in  the  actual  work  in  all  steps.  Mechanical 
methods  of  digging  have  met  with  success  abroad  and  some 
work  should  be  done  with  a  light  jack-hammer  drill  if  this 
can  be  obtained. 

The  class  should  be  divided  into  two  groups,  one  being 
assigned  to  sapping  and  the  other  to  mining.  As  this  work 
is  exceptionally  slow,  only  so  much  of  it  should  be  attempted 
as  will  clearly  illustrate  the  principle  involved  to  all  the 
students. 

Steps  in  training:  Sapping.  Parties  are  given  in  the  En¬ 
gineer  Field  Manual  and  1917  addenda. 

(1)  Drive  single  sap.  Change  direction  three  times. 

(2)  Double  sap. 

(3)  Use  of  sandbags  for  shield  at  head  of  sap. 

(4)  Use  of  loose  earth  with  log  or  some  variety  of  long- 
handled  sweep  to  advance  the  earth  shield. 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL — VIII. 


91 


Mining:  (1)  Drive  shaft  with  cases. 

(2)  Galleries :  % 

(a)  One  great  gallery  with  change  of  slope. 

( b )  Two  half  galleries. 

(c)  Two  branches  with  charges. 

(3)  Place  and  explode  four  charges  of  diffeient  size  in  the 
galleries.  Detonate  them  one  at  a  time,  examine  effect  on 
other  galleries,  repair  the  latter,  and  proceed  as  before. 

Although  it  will  probably  not  be  necessary  to  introduce 
artificial  ventilation  in  the  shaft  and  galleries,  this  should 
be  done  for  purposes  of  instruction. 

(4)  Same  as  above  (1),  (2),  and  (3),  using  frames  and 
sheeting. 

83.  D-10.  Demolition  school. — Texts:  Engineer  Field  Man¬ 
ual  and  addenda.  Instructions  for  the  use  of  the  United 
States  Cavalry  Demolition  Equipment,  1917. 

Purpose:  The  object  of  this  training  is  to  familiarize 
those  assigned  to  the  work  with  the  various  military  explo¬ 
sives,  their  effects,  and  the  methods  of  handling  them. 

Equipment:  Company  equipment,  demolition  outfit,  such 
other  explosives  (dynamite,  guncotton,  melinite,  and  blast¬ 
ing  powder  from  regimental  supply  officer)  as  colonel  may 
direct. 

Method  of  instruction:  Except  when  a  lecture  is  specified, 
the  day’s  work  will  begin  with  a  short  talk  to  the  class  on 
the  results  which  are  expected  that  day  and  how  they  are  to 
be  obtained.  This  should  be  followed  by  practical  demon¬ 
stration  and  each  man  should  be  required  to  go  through 
every  operation  until  he  can  do  it  with  celerity.  For  the 
practical  work  the  class  should  be  divided  into  groups,  each 
consisting  of  the  detail  from  one  company. 

As  other  explosives  in  addition  to  those  forming  a  part  of 
the  regular  equipment  (trinitrotoluol)  may  have  to  be  used, 
a  few  exercises  with  the  more  common  ones  on  the  market 
and  in  use  by  foreign  nations  are  given. 

Steps  in  training:  (1)  Lecture  regarding  field  of  applica¬ 
tion  and  importance  of  military  demolitions.  Give  a  short 
history  of  the  part  they  have  played  in  military  operations 


92 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL — VIII. 


together  with  the  tacticial  failures  and  successes  which  have 
resulted  from  their  use. 

(2)  Trinitrotoluol:  Physical  properties;  action  under  ordi¬ 
nary  shocks  (place  a  block  of  it  in  front  of  a  mound  of  earth 
and  shoot  at  it  with  a  service  rifle) ;  remove  copper  plating 
and  cut  explosive  with  a  knife  into  a  fine  powder,  place 
part  powder  in  cracker  box  and  put  same  on  fire;  put  rest 
of  powder  in  another  box  and  wet  it  with  salt  water;  try  to 
detonate  it  with  fulminate  and  tetryl  caps;  method  of  trans¬ 
portation  and  storage;  how  carried  in  tool  wagons  and  how 
to  make  simple  moisture-proof  shelter. 

(3)  Caps:  Fulminate  and  tetryl,  electric  and  powder. 
Explain  construction,  precautions  in  handling,  how  carried 
in  tool  wagon.  Powder  fuses:  Instantaneous  and  time, 
methods  of  distinguishing  in  daylight  and  dark.  How  to 
crimp  caps  on  fuse;  how  to  make  splices,  reasons  therefor; 
lighting  fuses,  matches,  lighters,  cigars,  pipes,  cigarettes. 

(4)  Caps  and  electric  detonator.  Magneto  exploder: 
Principles  of  operation,  connections,  capacity,  how  to  take 
care  of  instrument. 

(5)  Blasting  powder:  Precautions  in  handling  and  stor¬ 
age,  physical  characteristics,  methods  of  firing.  Explode  a 
small  land  mine;  split  a  bowlder  or  ledge  of  rock. 

(6)  Same  as  (5)  for  40  per  cent  and  60  per  cent  dynamite. 

(7)  Same  as  (5)  for  guncotton.  Explain  reasons  for  hav¬ 
ing  same  wet  and  dry. 

(8)  Same  as  (5)  for  melinite. 

(9)  Destruction  of  railroad.  If  none  is  available  in 
vicinity,  build  a  shoit  section  of  track.  Try  following  ex¬ 
periments,  using  curves  and  data  in  addendum  to  the  Engi¬ 
neer  Field  Manual: 

(a)  Cut  rail  with  trinitrotoluol. 

(b)  Cut  rail  with  other  explosives. 

(c)  Destroy  crossing  or  frog  with  explosives. 

(d)  Destroy  remainder  of  track  by  fire. 

(10)  Destruction  of  bridges.  Use  of  detonating  cord. 

(а)  Using  formulae  in  manual,  cut  various  timbers. 

(б)  Same  with  various  iron  and  steel  sections,  angles,  1 
beams,  etc. 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


93 


(c)  Destroy  some  of  work  of  carpenter  school. 

(11)  Destruction  of  miscellaneous  objects.  Firing  charges 
in  series  and  parallel.  Sympathetic  detonation. 

(a)  Frame  house  or  shed. 

( b )  Masonry  or  dirt  wall. 

(c)  Trees  and  stumps. 

(d)  Explanation  of  method  of  putting  gun  out  of  com¬ 
mission. 

(12)  Tactical  problems : 

(а)  Clearing  road  for  advancing  column. 

(б)  Obstructing  one  in  rear  of  retreating  column. 

(c)  Destruction  of  bridges  and  fords. 

(d)  Clearing  foreground.  Stumps,  buildings,  walls,  etc. 

84.  D-ll.  Reconnaissance  school. — Texts:  Engineer  Field 

Manual  and  addenda.  Field  Service  Regulations. 

Purpose:  The  primary  object  of  this  school  is  to  train  the 
men  in  making  an  engineer  and  a  tactical  reconnaissance. 
A  secondary  object  is  to  develop  facility  in  the  simpler 
methods  of  sketching  and  military  surveying. 

Equipment:  Field  message  books  obtained  from  the  regi¬ 
mental  supply  officer.  Company  reconnaissance  equipment. 

Method  of  instruction:  The  course  should  begin  with  the 
study  of  the  nature  and  object  of  reconnaissance  work.  This 
should  be  followed  by  practice  in  the  use  of  various  instru¬ 
ments  and  in  the  making  of  maps.  After  this,  problems 
should  be  worked  out  in  both  tactical  and  engineer  recon¬ 
naissances  involving  necessity  for  making  maps  and  sketches 
in  some  cases,  and  in  other  cases  requiring  only  preparation 
of  verbal  or  written  reports. 

Steps  in  training:  (1)  Talk  on  requirements  of  a  good 
engineer  reconnaissance.  Nature  and  extent  of  work  to  be 
done,  whether  trench,  bridge,  or  road  work;  personnel  and 
material  required;  time  necessary;  whether  work  is  to  be 
done  under  fire,  under  cover,  or  back  of  lines;  exact  location 
of  work;  route  to  be  followed  by  personnel  and  material  in 
reaching  work. 

Requirements  of  tactical  reconnaissance :  Location,  compo¬ 
sition,  strength,  and  activities  of  enemies’  troops,  routes  to 


94 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


be  followed  in  reaching  them,  and  location  of  any  of  our 
own  troops  in  their  neighborhood.  The  talk  should  also 
include  the  means  for  obtaining  the  information  contained 
in  the  above.  Whole  class. 

(2)  Sketching  (in  pairs) : 

(a)  Making  pace  or  stride  scale.  Application  of  scale. 

(b)  Orienting  board* and  using  alidade.  Conventional  signs. 

(c)  Traversing  with  compass  on  closed  circuit. 

(i)  Setting  up  at  every  turning  point. 

(ii)  Setting  up  >at  every  other  turning  point. 

(d)  Traversing  on  closed  circuit  without  compass. 

(e)  Lay  off  base. 

(i)  Determine  location  of  points  by  intersection,  ex¬ 

plaining  use  of  intersections. 

(ii)  Location  by  resection,  explaining  use  of  it. 

(/)  Use  of  clinometer.  Obtaining  elevations  in  traverse 
(d  above) . 

(g)  Position  sketch  of  small  area  by  traversing  and  filling 

in  by  intersection  and  resection,  exclusive  of  con¬ 
touring,  but  including  elevations  of  main  points  and 
especially  location  of  stream  lines. 

(h)  Contouring.  Explanation  of  and  placing  contours  on 

position  sketch  (g  above). 

(i)  Road  sketch  2  miles  long  to  include  topographical 

features  within  400  yards  of  road  and  all  prominent 
topographical  features  within  limits  of  paper  used 
for  drawing  by  intersection. 

(j)  Position  sketch  one-half  square  mile  complete. 

(fc)  Road  sketch  between  control  points. 

(1)  Position  sketch  filling  in  between  control  points  ob¬ 
tained  by  triangulation. 

85.  D-12.  Map  reproduction. — Texts:  Any  standard  work. 
Purpose:  This  school  is  to  produce  men  skilled  in  the 
methods  of  the  reproduction  of  maps  by  the  means  furnished 
Engineer  troops,  and  knowing  their  possibilities. 

Equipment:  Regimental  and  company  photographic  and 
zincographic  outfits. 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


95 


Method  of  instruction :  The  class  will  be  divided  into  three 
groups  and  each  assigned  to  one  of  the  courses  given  below. 
Instruction:  (1)  Photographic: 

(a)  Talk  by  instructor  to  include  the  following: 

(i)  Description  and  discussion  of  the  theory  and 
practical  use  of  different  types  of  camera  lenses.  This 
is  to  include  the  Rapid  Rectilinear  and  Anastigmat 
lenses. 

(ii)  Detailed  description  of  the  3 A  Autographic  and 
Graflex  cameras. 

(iii)  Discussion  of  the  general  theory  of  picture  mak¬ 
ing;  effect  of  light  and  shade;  treatment  of  water 
scenes;  effect  of  colors  of  surrounding  objects  on  size 
of  stops  and  timing;  various  types  of  cameras  and 
kodaks;  their  fields  of  use. 

(iv)  Chemistry  of  photography.  Action  of  light  on 
films,  plates,  and  papers;  action  of  developers,  fixers, 
reducers,  intensifiers ;  formulae  for  the  various  standard 
solutions. 

(v)  Use  of  various  kinds  of  print  papers,  and  relative 
cost  of  same.  Include  samples  of  the  more  common 
varieties. 

(vi)  A  brief  account  of  the  procedure  for  each  part  of 
the  “ practical  work.”  This  is  to  include  stop  used; 
time  of  exposure  with  reasons  for  same;  the  procedure 
in  developing  each  negative  and  printing,  giving  all 
steps,  precautions  observed,  time  of  exposure,  tempera¬ 
ture  of  solutions,  methods  of  correcting  over  and  under 
exposures,  etc.  An  essential  part  of  this  will  be  an 
explanation  of  any  poor  results  and  of  how  they  may  be 
prevented. 

(vii)  Describe  how  the  printing  of  different  parts  of  a 
print  may  be  either  hastened  or  retarded. 

(viii)  Describe  wet  and  dry  photographic  plates,  ex¬ 
plaining  the  advantages  and  disadvantages  of  each. 

(ix)  Write  the  names  of  the  various  items  of  the 
standard  company  and  regimental  photographic  equip¬ 
ment  and  supplies  over  thein,  and  place  same  on  a 
table-  for  inspection. 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


(x)  Give  time  required  to  turn  out  a  print  from  each 
film  of  a  roll  of  six  3 A  films. 

(xi)  Your  ideas  as  to  the  company  and  regimental 
photographic  outfits. 

(6)  Practical  work: 

(i)  Take  six  outdoor  views  with  the  Graflex  camera 
under  varying  conditions  and  of  different  subjects. 

(ii)  Take  six  instantaneous  exposures  out  of  doors 
with  the  3A  camera.  Use  different  subjects,  etc.,  as 
above. 

(iii)  Take  two  interior  pictures  on  plates  with  the 
5  by  7  camera. 

(iv)  Mix  developers  for  plates,  films,  and  prints. 

(v)  Develop  plates  in  dark  room. 

(vi)  Develop  films  with  kodak  developing  tank. 

(vii)  Prepare  reducers  and  reduce  at  least  one  nega¬ 
tive. 

(viii)  Prepare  intensifiers  and  intensify  at  least  one 
negative. 

(ix)  Take  one  plate  or  film  and  secure  prints  from  all 
different  grades  of  azo  paper  available.  Also  print  to 
blue-print  paper. 

(x)  Make  a  print  from  each  of  the  remaining  films 
and  plates.  Use  the  paper  which  you  think  will  give 
the  best  results. 

(xi)  Make  one  print  by  projection  on  bromide  paper. 

(xii)  Try  vignetting  at  least  one  print. 

All  work  should  be  individual. 

(2)  (a)  Talk  by  instructor  on  following  topics : 

(i)  Description  of  manufacture,  properties,  and  use 
of  the  various  papers  used. 

(ii)  A  detailed  description  of  the  procedure  in  the 
production  of  each  class  of  work.  Samples  will  be 
shown.  Give  all  steps,  precautions  observed,  time  of 
exposure,  temperature  of  solutions,  and  methods  of 
correcting  over  and  under  exposures  (if  any) .  Explain 
the  reasons  for  any  poor  results  and  state  how  they 
may  be  prevented. 


ENGINEEB  TBAINING  MANUAL — VIII.  97 

(iii)  State  time  required  to  turn  out  ten  8  by  10  i  inch 
blue  prints  under  normal  conditions. 

(iv)  Discussion  of  inaccuracies  (if  any)  introduced 
by  photographic  enlargements  or  reductions. 

( b )  Practical  work. 

(i)  Sensitize  paper  for  blue  printing. 

(ii)  Make  prints  from  this  and  commercial  paper. 

(iii)  Make  a  maduro  negative,  and  a  blue  print  there¬ 
from. 

(iv)  Make  a  maduro  positive  from  the  maduro  nega¬ 
tive. 

(v)  Make  a  negative  on  either  bromide  or  azo  devel¬ 
oping  paper. 

(vi)  Make  a  positive  from  the  above. 

(vii)  Enlarge  a  drawing  to  scale. 

(viii)  Reduce  a  drawing  to  scale. 

All  work  individual. 

(3)  (a)  Talk  by  instructor  covering  the  following  points : 

(i)  Description  of  all  apparatus  used.  (Have  all  equip¬ 
ment  tagged  wTith  its  name  where  it  can  be  seen  by  stu¬ 
dents.) 

(ii)  Explain  use  of  all  equipment. 

(iii)  Describe  in  detail  procedure  in  work.  Include 
reasons  for  selection  of  various  chemicals  and  plates,  pre¬ 
cautions  observed.  Explanation  of  poor  results  and 
how’  to  avoid  them. 

(iv)  Discuss  and  compare  the  advantages  and  disad¬ 
vantages  of  following  methods  of  map  reproduction. 

(a')  Photographic. 

( b ')  Lithographic. 

( c' )  Hectographic. 

( b )  Practical  work.  The  laboratory  work  will  include  the 
following : 

(i)  Autographic  transfer. 

( a ')  Prepare  autographic  transfer. 

( b ')  Transfer  same  to  stone. 

(cO  Pull  additional  transfer  from  stone  to  india 
paper. 


104121—17 - 7 


98 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL — VIII. 


(d')  Transfer  latter  to  zinc. 

(e')  Secure  prints  from  both  stone  and  zinc. 

(ii)  Photographic  transfer  to  zinc  and  aluminum. 

(a')  Sensitize  plates. 

( b ')  Expose  plates. 

(c7)  Work  up  plates  and  pull  prints. 

(iii)  Photographic  transfer  to  stone. 

(a7)  Sensitize  paper. 

(67)  Expose  same. 

(c7)  Transfer  to  stone. 

(d')  Work  up  and  pull  prints. 

(iv)  Direct  printing  from  tracing  to  zinc  plate. 

(a7)  Sensitize  plate. 

(67)  Expose  same. 

(c7)  Work  up  and  pull  prints. 

(v)  Hectograph. 

{a')  Pull  several  prints.  All  work  to  be  individ¬ 
ual. 

86.  E.  General  engineer  training. — At  the  conclusion  of 
the  school  course,  the  bridge  sections,  the  fortification 
sections,  and  the  mounted  sections  of  each  battalion  should 
be  consolidated  for  applicatory  work  (E-l,  2,  and  3).  This 
should  consist  for  each  battalion  in  a  problem  in  field  forti¬ 
fication  and  a  problem  in  fixed  bridges  to  be  conducted 
simultaneously,  and  for  the  mounted  section  participation 
in  both  and  special  work  in  demolitions  and  engineer 
reconnaissance.  The  problems  should  involve  and  demon¬ 
strate  the  application  of  the  detailed  work  learned  in  the 
schools. 

On  the  completion  of  the  work  by  section,  each  company 
should  conduct  a  problem  in  floating  bridge  work,  and  in 
general  pioneer  work  involving  the  repair  of  roads,  simple 
bridge  construction,  and  the  siting  and  consolidation  of  a 
simple  defensive  line  (E-4) .  In  this  work  men  in  the  bridge 
section  should  have  an  opportunity  to  work  as  laborers  on 
other  work  and  men  in  the  fortification  section  as  laborers 
on  bridge  work  (chess  and  balk  carrying,  handling,  sorting, 
and  piling  timber  and  the  like).  The  mounted  section 
should  have  appropriate  work. 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL — Yin. 


99 


General  exercises  in  military  engineering  involving  simple 
pioneer  work,  tactical,  topographical,  and  engineer  recon¬ 
naissance  and  demolitions,  will  be  continued  to  the  end  of 
the  course  in  connection  with  practice  marches  and  field 
exercises  (G). 

87.  F.  Engineer  specialists. — Toward  the  end  of  the  course 
duly  qualified  men  should  be  designated  as  specialists  in 
each  company,  as  provided  for  in  paragraph  40  of  Part  I. 
These  men  will  be  made  familiar  with  the  tools  carried  which 
pertain  to  the  work  and  thereafter  may  be  used  on  their 
respective  specialties  (Course  III). 

88.  G.  Practice  marches. — These  are  introduced  early  in 
the  course  and  continued  at  intervals,  culminating  with  a 
six-day  march  of  at  least  80  miles  near  the  end  of  the  course. 
The  object  at  first  is  to  accustom  the  men  to  marching  in 
route  order  with  light  loads.  Later  individual  cooking  and 
midday  bivouacs  are  introduced  and  the  loads  are  increased. 
This  is  followed  by  a  short  march  with  full  equipment 
involving  a  stop  in  shelter  tent  camp  for  the  night  and  a 
night  problem.  As  the  men  become  accustomed  to  the 
work  the  marches  are  lengthened  and  tactical  and  engi¬ 
neering  problems  are  made  a  prominent  feature.  Orders 
issued  by  all  commanders  in  the  course  of  the  solution  of 
any  problem  should  conform  to  the  principles  prescribed  in 
Field  Service  Regulations  for  field  orders. 

89.  H.  Instructors’  school. — The  purpose  of  this  school  is 
to  develop  the  necessary  number  of  instructors  for  carrying 
on  the  course.  No  detailed  instruction  will  be  given  further 
than  that.  This  work  should  anticipate  the  ground  to  be 
covered  in  the  actual  work  of  the  instructors  during  the  fol¬ 
lowing  days.  It  may  be  necessary  to  divide  the  classes  into 
sections  to  correspond  with  the  various  kinds  of  work  to  be 
done.  As  soon  as  practicable,  this  course  should  be  sus¬ 
pended  and  the  further  work  of  preparation  for  instructing 
should  be  covered  by  the  officers’  and  noncommissioned 
officers’  schools. 

90.  I.  Officers’  school. — The  elementary  course  described 
in  Part  III  of  the  Engineer  Training  Manual  should  first  be 
followed  to  completion.  After  this  the  intermediate  course 


100 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


may  be  taken  up  or  the  work  carried  out  on  special  lines  as 
the  colonel  may  think  necessary. 

91.  J.  Noncommissioned  officers’  school. — The  course  of 
instruction  should  be  governed  by  the  experience  of  the  non¬ 
commissioned  officers  and  the  needs  of  their  work  in  connec¬ 
tion  with  the  general  course  of  training.  The  following  sub¬ 
jects  are  suggested: 

(1)  Duties  and  responsibilities  of  the  noncommissioned 
officers. 

(2)  Customs  of  the  service,  military  courtesy,  etc. 

(3)  Infantry  Drill  Regulations. 

(4)  Field  Engineering. 

Appendices  to  this  manual  will  be  used  as  textbooks. 
Throughout  the  course  particular  stress  should  be  laid  on 
matters  of  immediate  application  and  the  general  work  of 
training  and  duties  which  it  is  expected  that  the  noncom¬ 
missioned  officers  may  be  called  upon  to  perform  on  taking 
the  field.  It  is  recommended  that  classes  be  not  larger  than 
the  quota  of  noncommissioned  officers  for  a  single  company. 
It  is  left  to  the  discretion  of  the  colonel  as  to  whether  this 
instruction  be  carried  on  entirely  by  the  company  command¬ 
ers,  each  for  his  own  noncommissioned  officers  in  all  sub¬ 
jects,  or  whether  a  special  instructor  should  be  assigned  to 
each  subject  and  the  classes  rotate  from  one  subject  to 
another.  The  former  method  is  recommended.  In  general, 
it  should  be  possible  to  simplify  the  work  by  covering  each 
day  in  a  general  way  the  ground  covered  recently  in  the 
officers’  school,  in  so  fai  as  this  is  applicable  to  the  non¬ 
commissioned  officers. 

92.  K .  Lectures. — First,  lectures  should  be  on  the  general 
subject  of  the  duties,  responsibilities,  and  privileges  of  a 
soldier  and  the  customs  of  the  service.  After  this,  lectures 
should  be  used  to  demonstrate  the  purpose  and  application 
of  practical  training  to  come  within  the  next  few  days,  and 
criticize  the  results  of  work  done.  Lectures  on  special  ob¬ 
jects  will  be  introduced  as  soon  as  desirable.  Some  sug¬ 
gestive  topics  are  given  in  paragraph  25,  Chapter  III. 


CHAPTER  V. 


COURSE  III. 

93.  As  stated  heretofore,  Course  III  is  designed  to  train 
thoroughly  the  individuals,  both  officers  and  men,  of  an 
Engineer  regiment  in  their  duties  in  war.  This  course  pre¬ 
supposes  the  completion  of  Course  II  or  an  equal  degree  of 
efficiency;  namely,  first,  all  members  of  the  organization  have 
been  instructed  in  their  elementary  duties  as  soldiers,  so  that 
they  can  be  handled  as  a  military  unit;  second,  individuals 
in  each  company  have  been  instructed  in  the  elements  of  the 
specialties  falling  to  the  share  of  Engineer  troops;  third,  the 
occupants  of  such  positions  as  first  sergeant,  mess  sergeant, 
company  clerk,  cooks,  stable  sergeant,  horseshoer,  etc.,  are 
sufficiently  proficient  to  perform  their  duties  in  a  satisfactory 
manner. 

Engineer  regiments  raised  particularly  for  railroad  work, 
highway  construction,  and  other  special  service,  will  be 
recruited  from  men  having  knowledge  of  these  particular 
specialties  in  civil  life  and  they  will  require  a  minimum  of 
military  instruction  and  no  more  technical  training  than  is 
necessary  to  insure  their  cohesion  and  frictionless  operation  as 
a  military  organization.  Such  special  troops  should  be 
ready  to  undertake  the  duties  for  which  they  are  intended 
upon  completion  of  Courses  I  and  II  and  no  provision  is  made 
for  them  in  Course  III. 

94.  The  course  of  instruction  in  each  subject  will  conform 
to  that  laid  down  for  the  same  subject  in  Course  II;  but  a 
greater  time  being  available,  each  detail  will  be  gone  into 
more  thoroughly,  and,  in  order  to  insure  the  requisite  team 
work,  instruction  should  be  by  company,  under  the  imme¬ 
diate  supervision  of  the  company  commander,  in  everything 
except  trade  school  courses,  which  should  be  under  the  regi¬ 
mental  topographical  officer. 

The  physical  facility  and  strength  necessary  for  a  rapid 
completion  of  Engineer  work  in  the  field  can  be  attained  only 

101 


102 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL — Yin. 


by  accustoming  the  men  to  actually  performing  the  physical 
labor  of  similar  tasks.  A  considerable  amount  of  marching 
and  of  manual  labor  must,  therefore,  be  included  in  this 
course. 

§5.  The  daily  schedule  of  work  will  conform  in  general  to 
that  prescribed  in  Course  II,  with  the  following  changes  and 
omissions: 

B-3  and  B-5  will  be  by  company,  then  by  battalion,  and 
then  by  regiment. 

B-7.  Mounted  sections  of  each  battalion  should  be  con¬ 
solidated  for  training  under  the  senior  detachment  com¬ 
mander,  and  all  the  mounted  sections  of  a  regiment  may 
with  advantage  often  be  consolidated  for  training  as  two 
troops  under  one  of  the  majors. 

C.  Omit. 

D.  Individual  Engineer  training.  The  part  of  the  com¬ 
pany  not  engaged  in  receiving  special  technical  instruction 
will  be  exercised  in  the  general  duties  coming  under  this  head, 
the  method  of  solving  definite  problems  in  military  engineer¬ 
ing  being  adopted,  and  special  attention  being  paid  to  the 
planning  and  organization  of  their  part  of  each  job  by 
officers  and  noncommissioned  officers.  The  mounted  section 
should  receive  instruction  in  all  the  items  except  D-2  and 
D-9. 

F  will  now  include  the  instruction  of  Engineer  specialists 
in  trade-school  courses  in  the  following  subjects:1 

Instrumental  surveying. 

Topographical  sketching  and  reconnaissance. 

Drafting,  topographical  and  mechanical. 

Lithography  and  map  reproduction. 

Photography. 

Blasting  and  military  demolitions. 

Carpentry. 

Blacksmithing. 

Plumbing  and  pipe  fitting. 

1  Suitable  trade-school  courses  in  carpentry,  masonry  construction,  and  black- 
smithing,  are  included  in  Appendices  4,  5,  and  6,  respectively.  A  guide  for  courses 
in  (a)  surveying,  sketching,  and  reconnaissance,  (6)  lithography,  and  (c)  photography, 
is  contained  in  separate  pamphlets  published  by  the  Engineer  Department. 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


103 


Masonry  construction. 

Rigging. 

Packing. 

Saddlery  and  repairs  to  harness. 

Where  the  necessary  apparatus  can  be  obtained  addi¬ 
tional  courses  for  electricians,  enginemen,  and  firemen  should 
be  organized. 

Men  should  be  detailed  for  a  period  of  one  month  or  two 
months  as  assistants  to  those  in  regular  administrative  posi¬ 
tions  in  which  a  certain  amount  of  special  knowledge  is  requi¬ 
site  (such  as  mess  sergeants,  cooks,  company  clerks,  horse- 
shoers,  farriers,  etc.),  in  order  to  insure  the  presence  in  the 
company  of  company  substitutes  for  these  positions. 

H.  Omit. 

96.  The  total  time  allotted  for  Course  III  should  be  about 
eight  months.  It  is  considered  that  this  time  can  best  be 
divided  into  five  successive  stages: 

First  stage:  Two  months.  Individual  instruction  in  gen¬ 
eral  service  in  Engineer  training. 

Second  stage:  Two  months.  Collective  instruction  in 
Engineer  training  by  section  and  company. 

Third  stage:  Two  months.  Battalion  and  regimental  prob¬ 
lems  in  duties  of  Engineer  troops. 

Fourth  stage:  One  month.  Problems  in  general  service 
and  duties  of  Engineer  troops  combined  with  other  troops. 

Fifth  stage:  One  month.  Problems  and  tests  covering  the 
entire  course,  and  additional  rifle  practice. 

97.  Typical  daily  program . — (Based  on  daily  schedule  in 
Course  II;  modifications  in  camp  routine  of  police,  fatigue, 
retreat,  etc.,  to  be  made  as  necessary.) 

First  stage:  First  period:  Physical  drill,  mounted  drill,  of¬ 
ficers’  school. 

Second  period :  Infantry  drill  and  mounted  drill. 

Third  and  fourth  periods:  B-4,  general  infantry  instruc¬ 
tion. 

Fifth  and  sixth  periods:  D,  individual  engineer  training, 
and  F,  engineer  specialists’  schools. 


104 


ENGINEER  TRAINING  MANUAL - VIII. 


Practice  march  one  day  a  week,  increasing  in  severity  from 
week  to  week,  and  involving  the  making  and  breaking  of 
camp,  individual  cooking,  and  simple  problems  in  security 
and  combat. 

Battalion  parades  twice  each  week;  noncommissioned  of¬ 
ficers’  schools,  lectures,  athletics,  and  inspections  on  Satur¬ 
days. 

Second  stage:  First  period:  Physical  drill,  mounted  drill, 
officers’  school. 

Second  period :  Infantry  drill  and  mounted  drill. 

Third  and  fourth  periods:  B-5,  problems  in  Infantry  train¬ 
ing,  all  branches,  and  F. 

Fifth  and  sixth  periods:  E-l,  E-2,  E-3,  E-4,  engineer 
problems  by  section  and  company. 

Committee  of  officers  to  work  up  battalion  and  regimental 
engineer  problems  for  application  during  third  stage. 

Practice  marches,  ceremonies,  and  athletics  as  during  first 
stage. 

Third  stage:  Four  days  a  week:  Engineer  problems  re¬ 
quiring  the  entire  day:  (1)  Passage  of  rivers  under  various 
conditions;  (2)  selection  of  defensive  lines  and  construction 
of  important  elements  thereof. 

One  day  a  week:  First  period,  physical  drill;  second  period, 
infantry  drill;  remainder  of  day,  practice  march. 

Saturday:  Review  and  inspection;  lectures,  officers’  and 
noncommissioned  officers’  schools,  including  solution  of  ele¬ 
mentary  map  problems  and  terrain  exercises. 

Fourth  stage :  Field  exercises  and  maneuvers,  including 
combat  and  practical  military  engineering. 

Fifth  stage :  Tests  and  field  problems  designed  by  the 
regimental  commander  to  ascertain  the  degree  of  training 
of  individuals,  companies,  and  battalions,  followed  by 
conferences  and  critiques  necessary  to  insure  correction  of 
any  errors  noticed. 

Note. — It  wilJ  be  found  advisable  to  form  the  entire  company  under  arms  at  the 
first  period,  stacking  arms  if  necessary,  and  to  proceed  from  one  kind  of  instruction 
to  another  without  dismissing  the  company;  making  details,  taking  arms,  drawing 
equipment,  etc.,  as  may  be  necessary. 


■ 


pj‘;; 


eS 


I 


te-  ■ 

m 

I 

. 


W  UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS-URBANA 


3  0112103565294 


